Emeritus Professor Pat Lawford
BSc, PhD
Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine and Population Health
Emeritus Professor of Physiological Modelling
+44 114 215 9500
Full contact details
Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine and Population Health
The Medical School
Beech Hill Road
Sheffield
S10 2RX
- Profile
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For enquiries, please contact – iicd-om-operational@sheffield.ac.uk
The key driving force, throughout my career, has been my interest in the application of physics and engineering to medicine.
After graduating in biological sciences (BSc Human Anatomy and Cell Biology) my doctoral studies focused on the development of microinterferometric methods for the study of degeneration and healing of articular cartilage.
This was followed by a 4 year postdoctoral research post in Medical Physics, in Sheffield working on the development of a novel bioprosthetic heart valve.
In 1986, I was appointed as an NHS Senior Physicist, responsible for the UK Department of Health Centre for Heart Valve Evaluation, and subsequently spent 3 years as a Project Manager for a joint University/NHS Institute providing evaluation services to the medical devices industry.
In August 1991 I returned to academic medical physics to lead a new Masters programme in Medical Physics and Clinical Engineering.
I am currently Emeritus Professor of Physiological Modelling in the Departmnet of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease.
- Research interests
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My main activity is in the area of cardiovascular biomechanics and in cardiovascular implant devices. My key interest is the development and use of computational models for the study of cardiovascular disease and its treatment.
My primary aim is the translation of modelling tools to clinical workflows and the use of predictive modelling in treatment planning. This work falls within the remit of the European Union´s Virtual Physiological Human (VPH) initiative.
Current projects:
- euHeart: Integrated Cardiac Care using Patient-Specific Cardiovascular Modeling. Funded by the European Community’s 7th Framework Programme under the Information Society and Media’s Virtual Physiological Human initiative. Grant agreement 224495.
- Translating Biomedical Modelling to the Heart of the Clinic Funded by the EPSRC under its Digital Economy programme in the Grand Challenges in IT for Healthcare initiative.
- Virtual Physiological Human Network of Excellence: Funded by the European Community’s 7th Framework Programme under the Information Society and Media’s Virtual Physiological Human initiative.
- @neurIST: Integrated Biomedical Informatics for Management of Cerebral Aneurysms (2006-2010), Funded by the European Community’s 6th Framework Programme by DG-Infso.
- COAST: Complex Automata for modelling and simulation of complex systems. Funded by the European Community’s Future and Emerging Technologies Programme.
- Publications
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Show: Featured publications All publications
Featured publications
Journal articles
- Virtual Coronary Intervention. A Treatment Planning Tool Based Upon the Angiogram. JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging, 12(5), 865-872. View this article in WRRO
- Virtual physiological human: training challenges.. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci, 368(1921), 2841-2851.
- Genome-wide association study of intracranial aneurysm identifies three new risk loci.. Nat Genet, 42(5), 420-425. View this article in WRRO
- Effects of smoking and hypertension on wall shear stress and oscillatory shear index at the site of intracranial aneurysm formation.. Clin Neurol Neurosurg, 112(4), 306-313.
- Numerical modeling of hemodynamics with pulsatile impeller pump support.. Ann Biomed Eng, 38(8), 2621-2634.
- Systemic modelling and computational physiology: The application of Bond Graph boundary conditions for 3D cardiovascular models. SIMUL MODEL PRACT TH, 17(1), 125-136.
- Modelling the interaction of haemodynamics and the artery wall: current status and future prospects.. Biomed Pharmacother, 62(8), 530-535.
- The application of multiscale modelling to the process of development and prevention of stenosis in a stented coronary artery.. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci, 366(1879), 3343-3360.
Conference proceedings papers
- Applying the lattice Boltzmann technique to biofluids: A novel approach to simulate blood coagulation. COMPUTERS & MATHEMATICS WITH APPLICATIONS, Vol. 55(7) (pp 1408-1414)
All publications
Books
- Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering. IOP Publishing Ltd.
- Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering. CRC Press.
Journal articles
- A novel method for measuring absolute coronary blood flow & microvascular resistance in patients with ischaemic heart disease. Cardiovascular Research. View this article in WRRO
- Effect of side branch flow upon physiological indices in coronary artery disease. Journal of Biomechanics. View this article in WRRO
- Cardiovascular models for personalised medicine: Where now and where next?. Medical Engineering and Physics, 72, 38-48. View this article in WRRO
- Patient-specific non-invasive estimation of pressure gradient across aortic coarctation using magnetic resonance imaging. Journal of Cardiology, 73(Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 17 2005), 544-552.
- 60 An atlas of computed FFR in common patterns of coronary artery disease. Heart, 105(Suppl 6), a51-a51. View this article in WRRO
- 17 Computational modelling of fractional flow reserve from coronary angiography : expert training required. Heart, 105(Suppl 6), a15-a15. View this article in WRRO
- 16 Assessing the accuracy of a novel in silico imaging tool for the 3D reconstruction of coronary vasculature in the context of virtual fractional flow reserve. Heart, 105(Suppl 6), a14-a14. View this article in WRRO
- Virtual Coronary Intervention. A Treatment Planning Tool Based Upon the Angiogram. JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging, 12(5), 865-872. View this article in WRRO
- Construction of lumped-parameter cardiovascular models using the CellML language. Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology, 42(7), 525-531.
- Personalised Fractional Flow Reserve: Novel Concept to Optimise Myocardial Revascularization.. EuroIntervention. View this article in WRRO
- Predictive Physiological Modeling of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention – Is Virtual Treatment Planning the Future?. Frontiers in Physiology, 9, 1107-1107. View this article in WRRO
- An asymmetric wall-thickening pattern predicts response to cardiac resynchronization therapy. JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging. View this article in WRRO
- The Impact of Objective Mathematical Analysis During Fractional Flow Reserve Measurement. Eurointervention. View this article in WRRO
- Computer model for the cardiovascular system: development of an e-learning tool for teaching of medical students. BMC Medical Education, 17(1), 220-220. View this article in WRRO
- Fast Virtual Fractional Flow Reserve Based Upon Steady-State Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis: Results From the VIRTU-Fast Study. JACC: Basic to Translational Science, 2(4), 434-446. View this article in WRRO
- P842A novel mathematical signal processing application which automates and improves the accuracy of FFR assessment. European Heart Journal, 38(suppl_1).
- Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Leads to Improvements in Handgrip Strength. Cardiology Research, 7(3), 95-103. View this article in WRRO
- Measures of endothelial dysfunction predict response to cardiac resynchronisation therapy. Open Heart, 3(1). View this article in WRRO
- A Computational Approach for the Prediction of Fatigue Behaviour in Peripheral Stents: Application to a Clinical Case. Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 44(2), 536-547.
- Computational fluid dynamics modelling in cardiovascular medicine.. Heart, 102(1), 18-28. View this article in WRRO
- “Virtual” (Computed) Fractional Flow Reserve. JACC: Cardiovascular Interventions, 8(8), 1009-1017. View this article in WRRO
- Heart failure: not a single organ disease but a multisystem syndrome. British Journal of Hospital Medicine, 76(6), 330-336.
- Standalone medical device software: The evolving regulatory framework. Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology, 39(7), 441-447.
- Closing the Loop: Modelling of Heart Failure Progression from Health to End-Stage Using a Meta-Analysis of Left Ventricular Pressure-Volume Loops. PLoS ONE, 9(12), e114153-e114153. View this article in WRRO
- From Histology and Imaging Data to Models for In-Stent Restenosis. The International Journal of Artificial Organs, 37(10), 786-800.
- Contribution of Mechanical and Fluid Stresses to the Magnitude of In-stent Restenosis at the Level of Individual Stent Struts. Cardiovascular Engineering and Technology, 5(2), 164-175.
- Towards radiological diagnosis of abdominal adhesions based on motion signatures derived from sequences of cine-MRI images.. Phys Med, 30(4), 437-447. View this article in WRRO
- Endothelial repair process and its relevance to longitudinal neointimal tissue patterns: comparing histology with in silico modelling.. J R Soc Interface, 11(94), 20140022.
- A framework for different levels of integration of computational models into web-based virtual patients.. J Med Internet Res, 16(1), e23.
- Risk of Rupture of Small Anterior Communicating Artery Aneurysms Is Similar to Posterior Circulation Aneurysms. Stroke, 44(11), 3018-3026.
- Valvular heart disease: a call for global collaborative research initiatives.. Heart, 99(24), 1797-1799.
- A vision and strategy for the virtual physiological human: 2012 update. INTERFACE FOCUS, 3(2).
- Virtual fractional flow reserve from coronary angiography: modeling the significance of coronary lesions: results from the VIRTU-1 (VIRTUal Fractional Flow Reserve From Coronary Angiography) study.. JACC Cardiovasc Interv, 6(2), 149-157.
- Enhancement of Peripheral Stents Reliability: Developing Interactive Procedure Planning by Means of Numerical Simulations and Clinical Software Development. Journal of Medical Devices, 7(4).
- AimaSimul: A software tool to plan stent positioning in peripheral arteries and evaluate the associated fatigue fracture risk. 13th IEEE International Conference on BioInformatics and BioEngineering, IEEE BIBE 2013.
- Pre-surgery planning in vascular procedures: An introduction to the RT3S project. 13th IEEE International Conference on BioInformatics and BioEngineering, IEEE BIBE 2013.
- A method for the automated processing and analysis of images of ULVWF-platelet strings.. Platelets, 24(3), 226-234.
- ONE-DIMENSIONAL SIMULATION OF HAEMODYNAMICS IN AORTIC COARCTATION. Journal of Biomechanics, 45, S38-S38.
- MICRO-CT RENDERED IMAGES OF STENTED CORONARIES AND THE PHENOMENA OF IN-STENT RESTENOSIS. Journal of Biomechanics, 45, S145-S145.
- CFD ANALYSIS OF THE REGURGITANT FLOW IN A BILEAFLET MECHANICAL HEART VALVE. Journal of Biomechanics, 45, S130-S130.
- INFLUENCE OF STENT STRUT DISTRIBUTION ON LOCAL VESSEL STRESS. Journal of Biomechanics, 45, S25-S25.
- Accuracy vs. computational time: Translating aortic simulations to the clinic. Journal of Biomechanics, 45(3), 516-523.
- Importance of realistic LVAD profiles for assisted aortic simulations: evaluation of optimal outflow anastomosis locations.. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin, 15(6), 669-680.
- Predicting hemodynamics in native and residual coarctation: preliminary results of a Rigid-Wall Computational-Fluid-Dynamics model (RW-CFD) validated against clinically invasive pressure measures at rest and during pharmacological stress. Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, 13(S1).
- Multi-scale simulations of the dynamics of in-stent restenosis: impact of stent deployment and design. INTERFACE FOCUS, 1(3), 365-373.
- Computational modelling and evaluation of cardiovascular response under pulsatile impeller pump support. INTERFACE FOCUS, 1(3), 320-337.
- Review of zero-D and 1-D models of blood flow in the cardiovascular system.. Biomed Eng Online, 10, 33. View this article in WRRO
- Virtual physiological human: training challenges (vol 368, pg 2841, 2010). PHILOS T R SOC A, 369(1935), 494-494.
- Hemodynamics and in-stent restenosis: micro-CT images, histology, and computer simulations.. Ann Biomed Eng, 39(10), 2615-2626.
- Multi-scale interaction of particulate flow and the artery wall. Medical Engineering and Physics, 33(7), 840-848.
- Multi-scale interaction of particulate flow and the artery wall.. Med Eng Phys, 33(7), 840-848.
- Computational hemodynamics in cerebral aneurysms: the effects of modeled versus measured boundary conditions.. Ann Biomed Eng, 39(2), 884-896.
- Virtual physiological human: training challenges.. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci, 368(1921), 2841-2851.
- Genome-wide association study of intracranial aneurysm identifies three new risk loci.. Nat Genet, 42(5), 420-425. View this article in WRRO
- Effects of smoking and hypertension on wall shear stress and oscillatory shear index at the site of intracranial aneurysm formation.. Clin Neurol Neurosurg, 112(4), 306-313.
- Numerical modeling of hemodynamics with pulsatile impeller pump support.. Ann Biomed Eng, 38(8), 2621-2634.
- Analysis of a mechanical heart valve prosthesis and a native venous valve: Two distinct applications of FSI to biomedical applications. INT J NUMER METH BIO, 26(3-4), 421-434.
- An in-silico future for the engineering of functional tissues and organs. Organogenesis, 6(4), 245-251.
- Simulations of time harmonic blood flow in the Mesenteric artery: comparing finite element and lattice Boltzmann methods.. Biomed Eng Online, 8, 23. View this article in WRRO
- Adaptation and development of software simulation methodologies for cardiovascular engineering: present and future challenges from an end-user perspective.. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci, 367(1898), 2655-2666.
- A validated model of calf compression and deep vessel collapse during external cuff inflation.. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng, 56(2), 273-280.
- CellML implementation of a numerical model for the cardiovascular system under VAD support. IFMBE Proceedings, 25(4), 1796-1799.
- Systemic modelling and computational physiology: The application of Bond Graph boundary conditions for 3D cardiovascular models. SIMUL MODEL PRACT TH, 17(1), 125-136.
- The role of computational fluid dynamics in the management of unruptured intracranial aneurysms: a clinicians' view.. Comput Intell Neurosci, 760364. View this article in WRRO
- Modelling the interaction of haemodynamics and the artery wall: current status and future prospects.. Biomed Pharmacother, 62(8), 530-535.
- The application of multiscale modelling to the process of development and prevention of stenosis in a stented coronary artery.. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci, 366(1879), 3343-3360.
- The EuroPhysiome, STEP and a roadmap for the virtual physiological human.. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci, 366(1878), 2979-2999.
- A NOVEL TECHNIQUE FOR INVESTIGATING PROPERTIES OF ULVWF-PLATELET COMPLEXES. Journal of Biomechanics, 41, S182-S182.
- MULTISCALE MODELLING: APPLICATION OF THE COMPLEX AUTOMATA SIMULATION TECHNIQUE (COAST). Journal of Biomechanics, 41, S482-S482.
- IDENTIFICATION OF ABDOMINAL ADHESIONS USING DYNAMIC IMAGE REGISTRATION. Journal of Biomechanics, 41, S428-S428.
- A VALIDATED MODEL OF VENOUS FLOW AUGMENTATION DURING INTERMITTENT PNEUMATIC COMPRESSION. Journal of Biomechanics, 41, S270-S270.
- MULTI-PHYSICS & MULTI-SCALE MODELLING: CLOSURE DYNAMICS OF A BILEAFLET PROSTHETIC HEART VALVE. Journal of Biomechanics, 41, S241-S241.
- GRAVITY AND VENOUS VALVE BLOOD “WASH OUT”: A 3D MODEL. Journal of Biomechanics, 41, S272-S272.
- T1869 Identification of Abdominal Adhesions By Dynamic Image Registration. Gastroenterology, 134(4), A-580.
- The role of venous valves in pressure shielding.. Biomed Eng Online, 7, 8. View this article in WRRO
- Characterization of the calcification of cardiac valve bioprostheses by environmental scanning electron microscopy and vibrational spectroscopy.. J Microsc, 228(Pt 1), 62-77.
- Cellular morphological parameters of the human urinary bladder (malignant and normal).. Int J Exp Pathol, 88(3), 185-190.
- A framework for the modeling of gut blood flow regulation and postprandial hyperaemia.. World J Gastroenterol, 13(9), 1393-1398.
- A lattice boltzmann HPC application in medical physics. High Performance Computing on Vector Systems 2006 - Proceedings of the High Performance Computing Center, 121-132.
- Balloon folding affects the symmetry of stent deployment: Experimental and computational evidence. Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology - Proceedings, 3069-3073.
- Influence of intermittent compression cuff design on calf deformation: computational results.. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc, 2007, 6334-6338.
- Influence of intermittent compression cuff design on interface pressure and calf deformation: experimental results.. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc, 2007, 2122-2125.
- Balloon folding affects the symmetry of stent deployment: experimental and computational evidence.. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc, 2007, 3069-3073.
- Application and validation of the lattice Boltzmann method for modelling flow-related clotting.. J Biomech, 40(13), 3023-3028.
- Characterisation of the haemodynamics of the superior mesenteric artery.. J Biomech, 40(9), 1916-1926.
- Computer modelling study of the mechanism of optic nerve injury in blunt trauma.. Br J Ophthalmol, 90(6), 778-783.
- Computer simulation of blunt trauma to the eye and the optic nerve. Journal of Biomechanics, 39, S535-S535.
- Coupling a bond graph model of the left ventricle with a CFX model of the aorta: a first approach. Journal of Biomechanics, 39, S295-S295.
- Effect of cardiac motion on haemodynamics in the superior mesenteric artery (SMA). Journal of Biomechanics, 39, S611-S611.
- Computation of closure forces for mechanical heart valves. Journal of Biomechanics, 39, S305-S305.
- Mass transport across the arterial wall from drug eluting stents. Journal of Biomechanics, 39, S633-S633.
- A modelling framework to predict haemodynamics in the deep veins of the calf during external intermittent compression therapy. Journal of Biomechanics, 39, S281-S281.
- Ultrasound investigation of lower limb haemodynamics during compression using a water-filled cuff. Journal of Biomechanics, 39, S301-S302.
- Concurrent numerical simulation of flow and blood clotting using the lattice Boltzmann technique.. Int J Bioinform Res Appl, 2(4), 371-380.
- Fundamental mechanics of aortic heart valve closure.. J Biomech, 39(5), 958-967.
- A computational study of the passive mechanisms of eye restraint during head impact trauma.. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin, 8(1), 1-6.
- Development and validation of models for the investigation of blood clotting in idealized stenoses and cerebral aneurysms.. J Artif Organs, 8(1), 56-62.
- A thermal analogy for modelling drug elution from cardiovascular stents.. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin, 7(5), 257-264.
- Measurement of the symmetry of in vitro stent expansion: a stereo-photogrammetric approach.. J Med Eng Technol, 27(2), 59-70.
- Nominal size in six bileaflet mechanical aortic valves: A comparison of orifice size and biologic equivalence. Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 125(6), 1388-1393.
- Fluid-solid interaction: benchmarking of an external coupling of ANSYS with CFX for cardiovascular applications.. J Med Eng Technol, 27(1), 23-31.
- Outlet strut fracture of Björk-Shiley convexo-concave valves: can valve-manufacturing characteristics explain the risk?. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 121(6), 1143-1149.
- Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering. Medical Physics, 28(5), 861-861.
- Engineering human tissue and regulation: confronting biology and law to bridge the gaps.. Med Law Int, 5(2), 101-115.
- Development of an ex vivo model to investigate the effects of altered haemodynamics on human bypass grafts.. J Med Eng Technol, 24(5), 183-191.
- Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering. Medical Physics, 26(12), 2710-2711.
- An inexpensive sensor for measuring surface geometry.. Med Eng Phys, 21(10), 725-729.
- The role of glutaraldehyde in the stabilisation of tissues for use in bioprotheses. Cardiovascular Pathology, 5(5), 290-290.
- The origin and significance of secondary flows in the aortic arch.. J Med Eng Technol, 19(6), 192-197.
- Elective removal of convexo-concave Björk-Shiley valves.. Ann Thorac Surg, 58(2), 563-564.
- Understanding valve/host interactions through explanted valve analysis.. J Med Eng Technol, 16(1), 23-26.
- Validation of the orifice formula for estimating effective heart valve opening area.. Clin Phys Physiol Meas, 12(1), 21-37.
- Is callus calcium content an indicator of the mechanical strength of healing fractures? An experimental study in rat metatarsals.. J Biomed Eng, 11(4), 277-281.
- Pericardial heterografts: a comparative study of suture pull-out and tissue strength.. J Biomed Eng, 11(4), 311-314.
- Experimental study in rat metatarsals to determine whether callus vascularity is an indicator of the mechanical strength of healing fractures.. J Biomed Eng, 9(3), 249-256.
- The long-term clinical assessment of heart valve substitutes.. Eng Med, 16(2), 87-94.
- The in vivo durability of bioprosthetic heart valves--modes of failure observed in explanted valves.. Eng Med, 16(2), 95-103.
- Failure of a bioprosthetic mitral valve due to attachment of a residual chorda.. Thorax, 41(8), 652-653.
Chapters
- Cardiovascular Prostheses, Cardiovascular Biomechanics (pp. 331-351). Springer International Publishing
- Cardiovascular Biomechanics Springer International Publishing
- Atherosclerosis, Cardiovascular Biomechanics (pp. 285-306). Springer International Publishing
- Cellular Interactions in Extracorporeal Circuitry, Interaction of Cells with Natural and Foreign Surfaces (pp. 111-123). Springer US
- Biological Tissue For Heart Valve Substitutes, Biomaterials in Artificial Organs (pp. 297-297). Palgrave Macmillan UK
Conference proceedings papers
- Virtual (computed) FFR and Virtual Coronary Intervention (VCI) vs angiography for guiding PCI: a virtual study.. Heart, Vol. 105(Suppl 6) (pp a45-a45). Manchester, UK, 3 June 2019 - 5 June 2019. View this article in WRRO
- View this article in WRRO
- 54 Measures of Endothelial Dysfunction Predict Response to Cardiac Resynchronisation Therapy. Heart, Vol. 102(Suppl 6) (pp A39.1-A39), 6 June 2016 - 8 June 2016.
- 2 Cardiac Resynchronisation Therapy Leads to Reversal of Heart Failure Induced Sarcopenia. Heart, Vol. 102(Suppl 6) (pp A2.1-A2), 6 June 2016 - 8 June 2016.
- 209 The Development and Validation of anin silicoModel of Coronary Arterial Physiology for Diagnostic Use. Heart, Vol. 101(Suppl 4) (pp A115.1-A115)
- COMPUTER MODELLED CORONARY PHYSIOLOGY AND "VIRTUAL" FRACTIONAL FLOW RESERVE FROM ROTATIONAL ANGIOGRAPHY. HEART, Vol. 98 (pp A14-A14)
- Multi-physics and Multi-scale Computational Evaluation of the Thrombogenic and Cavitational Potential of a Bileaflet Mechanical Heart Valve (pp 298-305)
- CFD Analysis Study on the Impact of the Coronary Anatomy on the Efficiency of the Coronary Thrombectomy: The Effect of Bend Angles (pp 306-309)
- A vision and strategy for the virtual physiological human in 2010 and beyond. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY A-MATHEMATICAL PHYSICAL AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES, Vol. 368(1920) (pp 2595-2614)
- Applying the lattice Boltzmann technique to biofluids: A novel approach to simulate blood coagulation. COMPUTERS & MATHEMATICS WITH APPLICATIONS, Vol. 55(7) (pp 1408-1414)
- Numerical simulation of clotting processes: A lattice Boltzmann application in medical physics. MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTERS IN SIMULATION, Vol. 72(2-6) (pp 89-92)
Reports
Website content
- Virtual Coronary Intervention. A Treatment Planning Tool Based Upon the Angiogram. JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging, 12(5), 865-872. View this article in WRRO
- Teaching interests
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I have had a sustained interest in Masters Level teaching for a number of years. I was course Director for the Masters Programme in Medical Physics and Clinical Engineering.
I have also been involved in the steering group for Masters programmes in the Medical School. I now lead this activity in the Medical School. I also helping to develop postgraduate training modules for VPH Training at a European level.
- Professional activities and memberships
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- Associate Editor – Journal Medical Engineering and Technology.
- Member of British Standards Committee, Cardiovascular Implants (CG/150/02).
- Member of British Standards Committee, Biological evaluation of medical devices (CH/194).
- Member of British Standards Committee, Cardiac valves (ISO/TC 150/SC 2WG 1).