Emeritus Professor Peter Monk
BSc, PhD
Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine and Population Health
Emeritus Professor of Immunology
Full contact details
Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine and Population Health
The Medical School
Beech Hill Road
Sheffield
S10 2RX
- Profile
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For enquiries, please contact – iicd-om-operational@sheffield.ac.uk
I began my career in the Biochemistry Department in Sheffield in 1988 as a post-doctoral researcher, working for Professor Banks on chemoattractant signalling in monocytes, before working with Dr Birgit Helm on mast cell degranulation.
In 1992, I became an independent researcher, funded by Arthritis Research UK to study the important pro-inflammatory mediator, complement fragment 5A (C5a).
In 1995, Arthritis Research UK awarded me a post-doctoral fellowship to establish my own laboratory, working on the interactions between C5a and its receptor.
We were the first group to characterise the second C5a receptor, C5L2, now recognised to have important roles in inflammation and neurodegeneration.
During this time, I also began work on the tetraspanin family of membrane proteins, identifying the hepatitis C virus E2 glycoprotein binding site on CD81.
I became a lecturer in the Department of Neurosciences in 2001 and was promoted to Senior Lecturer in 2007, before moving to the Department of Infection and Immunity in 2009.
I became Reader in Immunology in 2013 and Professor in 2017.
- Research interests
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Models of infection in human tissue
Controlling bacterial infection by the repeated use of antibiotics invites the development of bacterial resistance (e.g. MRSA) and so new approaches for control are urgently required. One such strategy is the prevention of bacterial adhesion.
Bacteria are rapidly removed by normal immune mechanisms unless the bacteria can adhere strongly to host tissues; if this initial step in colonisation can be prevented, infection becomes much less likely.
Tetraspanins
Tetraspanins have been implicated in many of the fundamental processes involved in the development and functioning of multicellular organisms, from sponges to man. These include cell fusion, migration, secretion, adhesion and signalling.
Recently, several tetraspanins have been shown to have roles in microbial infections, including hepatitis C, HIV-1 and Chlamydia. Cell ingress and egress mechanisms involving tetraspanins are exploited by these intracellular pathogens.
These mechanisms can be blocked by tetraspanin-specific reagents, suggesting that tetraspanins may be valuable drug targets. However, the molecular details of tetraspanin functions have yet to be fully elucidated.
We are using mammalian and zebrafish models to further our understanding of this fascinating protein family.
Covid-19
Using our expertise in the field of bacterial host-pathogen interactions, we are currently working to understand the ways in which the SARS-CoV-2 virus interacts with human cells. In addition to the well-known receptor, ACE2, we have recently shown that SARS-CoV-2 can interact strongly with protein and carbohydrate-containing structures (proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans) on the surface of host cells, providing a long-lived attachment to tissues. This may be important in infection, allowing the virus time to ‘find’ its very sparsely expressed ACE2 receptor or in transmission, holding the virus on the surface of tissues until expelled, for example during coughing.
Current projects
- Analysis of the C5a receptor ligand binding site.
- Control of C5a function by the second C5a receptor, C5aR2.
- Development of C3aR and C5aR2 antagonists.
- Tetraspanin function in monocyte giant cell formation.
- Tetraspanins and intracellular pathogens.
- Publications
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Show: Featured publications All publications
Featured publications
Journal articles
- Inhibition of Tetraspanin Functions Impairs Human Papillomavirus and Cytomegalovirus Infections. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(10), 3007-3007. View this article in WRRO
- Peptides from Tetraspanin CD9 Are Potent Inhibitors of Staphylococcus Aureus Adherence to Keratinocytes. PLoS One, 11(7). View this article in WRRO
- Discovery of functionally selective C5aR2 ligands: novel modulators of C5a signaling. Immunology and Cell Biology, 94, 787-795. View this article in WRRO
- Derivation of ligands for the complement C3a receptor from the C-terminus of C5a. European Journal of Pharmacology, 745, 176-181. View this article in WRRO
- The orphan receptor C5L2 has high affinity binding sites for complement fragments C5a and C5a des-Arg(74).. J Biol Chem, 277(9), 7165-7169.
All publications
Journal articles
- Early treatment of corneal abrasions and ulcers–estimating clinical and economic outcomes. The Lancet Regional Health - Southeast Asia, 100038-100038.
- Complement peptide receptors in GtoPdb v.2021.3. IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology CITE, 2021(3).
- Novel non-invasive point of care sputum test for early identification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa airway infection. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 58.
- ACE2-Independent Interaction of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein with Human Epithelial Cells Is Inhibited by Unfractionated Heparin. Cells, 10(6), 1419-1419.
- The Influence of Biofilms on Carbapenem Susceptibility and Patient Outcome in Device Associated K. pneumoniae Infections: Insights Into Phenotype vs Genome-Wide Analysis and Correlation. Frontiers in Microbiology, 11.
- Establishing a porcine ex vivo cornea model for studying drug treatments against bacterial keratitis. Journal of Visualized Experiments. View this article in WRRO
- A role for tetraspanin proteins in regulating fusion induced by Burkholderia thailandensis. Medical Microbiology and Immunology. View this article in WRRO
- Correction to: A role for tetraspanin proteins in regulating fusion induced by Burkholderia thailandensis. Medical Microbiology and Immunology, 209(5), 643-652.
- Characterization of ocular clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from non-contact lens related keratitis patients from south India. Microorganisms, 8(2). View this article in WRRO
- Hydrophobicity-Modulated Small Antibacterial Molecule Eradicates Biofilm with Potent Efficacy against Skin Infections.. ACS infectious diseases, 6(4), 703-714. View this article in WRRO
- Complement peptide receptors (version 2019.4) in the IUPHAR/BPS guide to pharmacology database. IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology CITE, 2019(4). View this article in WRRO
- Inhibition of Tetraspanin Functions Impairs Human Papillomavirus and Cytomegalovirus Infections. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(10), 3007-3007. View this article in WRRO
- Monocyte Subsets Have Distinct Patterns of Tetraspanin Expression and Different Capacities to Form Multinucleate Giant Cells. Frontiers in Immunology, 9. View this article in WRRO
- THE CONCISE GUIDE TO PHARMACOLOGY 2017/18: Overview. British Journal of Pharmacology, 174, S1-S16.
- A role for the tetraspanin proteins in Salmonella infection of human macrophages. Journal of Infection, 75(2), 115-124. View this article in WRRO
- Tspan2: a tetraspanin protein involved in oligodendrogenesis and cancer metastasis.. Biochem Soc Trans, 45(2), 465-475. View this article in WRRO
- Peptides from Tetraspanin CD9 Are Potent Inhibitors of Staphylococcus Aureus Adherence to Keratinocytes. PLoS One, 11(7). View this article in WRRO
- Intrinsic NLRP3 inflammasome activity is critical for normal adaptive immunity via regulation of IFN-γ in CD4+ T cells. Science, 352(6292). View this article in WRRO
- Discovery of functionally selective C5aR2 ligands: novel modulators of C5a signaling. Immunology and Cell Biology, 94, 787-795. View this article in WRRO
- Different states of integrin LFA-1 aggregation are controlled through its association with tetraspanin CD9. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research, 1853(10), 2464-2480.
- Distinct Regions of the Large Extracellular Domain of Tetraspanin CD9 Are Involved in the Control of Human Multinucleated Giant Cell Formation. PLoS ONE, 9(12). View this article in WRRO
- Derivation of ligands for the complement C3a receptor from the C-terminus of C5a. European Journal of Pharmacology, 745, 176-181. View this article in WRRO
- C5a2 can modulate ERK1/2 signaling in macrophages via heteromer formation with C5a1 and β-arrestin recruitment. Immunology and Cell Biology. View this article in WRRO
- Wild-type but not mutant SOD1 transgenic astrocytes promote the efficient generation of motor neuron progenitors from mouse embryonic stem cells.. BMC Neurosci, 14, 126. View this article in WRRO
- Changes and regulation of the c5a receptor on neutrophils during septic shock in humans. Journal of Immunology, 190(8), 4215-4225.
- Heterogeneity in the responses of human lung mast cells to stem cell factor.. Clin Exp Allergy, 43(1), 50-59.
- International Union of Pharmacology. LXXXVII. Complement Peptide C5a, C4a, and C3a Receptors.. Pharmacol Rev, 65(1), 500-543.
- C5a receptor-dependent cell activation by physiological concentrations of desarginated C5a: Insights from a novel label-free cellular assay. Journal of Immunology, 189(10), 4797-4805.
- C5aR-dependent cell activation by physiological concentrations of C5a-desArg: Insights from a novel label-free cellular assay. Immunobiology, 217(11), 1147-1147.
- De novo protein design of agonists and antagonists of C5a receptors. Immunobiology, 217(11), 1162-1163.
- De novo peptide design with C3a receptor agonist and antagonist activities: Theoretical predictions and experimental validation. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 55(9), 4159-4168. View this article in WRRO
- Generation of complement component C5a by ischemic neurons promotes neuronal apoptosis. FASEB Journal, 26(9), 3680-3690.
- Tetraspanins: gateways for infection.. Infect Disord Drug Targets, 12(1), 4-17.
- A comparison of in vitro properties of resting SOD1 transgenic microglia reveals evidence of reduced neuroprotective function. BMC NEUROSCI, 12. View this article in WRRO
- Cooperative role for tetraspanins in adhesin-mediated attachment of bacterial species to human epithelial cells.. Infect Immun, 79(6), 2241-2249. View this article in WRRO
- The role of tetraspanins in fusion.. Biochem Soc Trans, 39(2), 524-528.
- Contrasting effects of cerebrospinal fluid from motor neuron disease patients on the survival of primary motor neurons cultured with or without glia.. Amyotroph Lateral Scler, 12(4), 257-263.
- Regulation of zebrafish hatching by tetraspanin cd63.. PLoS One, 6(5), e19683. View this article in WRRO
- Complement component 5a (C5a). INT J BIOCHEM CELL B, 41(11), 2114-2117.
- Mutant SOD1 G93A microglia have an inflammatory phenotype and elevated production of MCP-1.. Neuroreport, 20(16), 1450-1455.
- Astrocyte function and role in motor neuron disease: a future therapeutic target?. Glia, 57(12), 1251-1264.
- Complement factors C3a and C5a have distinct hemodynamic effects in the rat. INT IMMUNOPHARMACOL, 9(6), 800-806.
- Distinct roles for tetraspanins CD9, CD63 and CD81 in the formation of multinucleated giant cells.. Immunology, 127(2), 237-248.
- The human complement fragment receptor, C5L2, is a recycling decoy receptor.. Mol Immunol, 46(6), 1149-1162.
- Strategies for targeting tetraspanin proteins: potential therapeutic applications in microbial infections.. BioDrugs, 23(6), 341-359. View this article in WRRO
- Complement C5a receptors in the pituitary gland: expression and function. J ENDOCRINOL, 199(3), 417-424.
- Endothelial adhesion receptors are recruited to adherent leukocytes by inclusion in preformed tetraspanin nanoplatforms. The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 205(12), i27-i27.
- Endothelial adhesion receptors are recruited to adherent leukocytes by inclusion in preformed tetraspanin nanoplatforms. J CELL BIOL, 183(3), 527-542. View this article in WRRO
- Function, structure and therapeutic potential of complement C5a receptors.. Br J Pharmacol, 152(4), 429-448.
- Embryonic stem cells and prospects for their use in regenerative medicine approaches to motor neurone disease.. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol, 33(5), 485-498.
- Characterisation of receptor binding by the chemotaxis inhibitory protein of Staphylococcus aureus and the effects of the host immune response.. Mol Immunol, 44(10), 2507-2517.
- The role of the N-terminal domain of the complement fragment receptor C5L2 in ligand binding.. J Biol Chem, 282(6), 3664-3671.
- Ligand specificity of the anaphylatoxin C5L2 receptor and its regulation on myeloid and epithelial cell lines. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 281(51), 39088-39095.
- ALS: life and death in a bad neighborhood. NAT MED, 12(8), 885-887.
- P3-267: Loss of C5L2, an anti-inflammatory complement receptor in AD frontal cortex. Alzheimer's & Dementia, 2, S453-S454.
- Recombinant extracellular domains of tetraspanin proteins are potent inhibitors of the infection of macrophages by human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J VIROL, 80(13), 6487-6496.
- Therapeutic activity of C5a receptor antagonists in a rat model of neurodegeneration. FASEB J, 20(9), 1407-1417.
- Tetraspanins in viral infections: a fundamental role in viral biology?. J Virol, 79(17), 10839-10851.
- Microglia as potential contributors to motor neuron injury in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.. Glia, 51(4), 241-253.
- C5L2 is a functional receptor for acylation-stimulating protein. J BIOL CHEM, 280(25), 23936-23944.
- Comparative agonist/antagonist responses in mutant human C5a receptors define the ligand binding site.. J Biol Chem, 280(18), 17831-17840.
- Endothelial tetraspanin microdomains regulate leukocyte firm adhesion during extravasation. Blood, 105(7), 2852-2861.
- S19 ribosomal protein dimer augments metal-induced apoptosis in a mouse fibroblastic cell line by Ligation of the c5a receptor. J CELL BIOCHEM, 94(3), 540-553.
- TETRASPANIN MICRODOMAINS MEDIATE EFFICIENT PRESENTATION AND FUNCTION OF ENDOTHELIAL ADHESION RECEPTORS DURING LEUKOCYTE EXTRAVASATION. Cardiovascular Pathology, 13(3), 108-108.
- CD81 is required for hepatitis C virus glycoprotein-mediated viral infection. J VIROL, 78(3), 1448-1455.
- C5a mutants are potent antagonists of the C5a receptor (CD88) and of C5L2 - Position 69 is the locus that determines agonism or antagonism. J BIOL CHEM, 279(1), 142-151.
- The chemoattractant receptor-like protein C5L2 binds the C3a des-Arg77/acylation-stimulating protein. Vol. 278 (2003) 11123-11129. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 279(1), 820-820.
- Structural requirements for the inhibitory action of the CD9 large extracellular domain in sperm/oocyte binding and fusion.. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 311(1), 208-214.
- Characterisation of C5a receptor agonists from phage display libraries.. Biochem Pharmacol, 66(9), 1833-1840.
- Complement C3a receptors in the pituitary gland: a novel pathway by which an innate immune molecule releases hormones involved in the control of inflammation. FASEB J, 17(13), 2266-+.
- STRO-1, HOP-26 (CD63), CD49a and SB-10 (CD166) as markers of primitive human marrow stromal cells and their more differentiated progeny: a comparative investigation in vitro. CELL TISSUE RES, 313(3), 281-290.
- Interspecies contamination of the KM3 cell line: Implications for CD63 function in melanoma metastasis. INT J CANCER, 105(5), 613-616.
- Tc-99m-labeled C5a and C5a des Arg(74) for infection imaging. NUCL MED BIOL, 30(3), 267-272.
- The chemoattractant receptor-like protein C5L2 binds the C3a des-Arg(77)/acylation-stimulating protein. J BIOL CHEM, 278(13), 11123-11129.
- The orphan receptor C5L2 has high affinity binding sites for complement fragments C5a and C5a des-Arg(74).. J Biol Chem, 277(9), 7165-7169.
- Mapping the ligand-binding site on the C5a receptor: arginine74 of C5a contacts aspartate282 of the C5a receptor.. Biochemistry, 40(46), 14047-14052.
- Modulation of ligand selectivity by mutation of the first extracellular loop of the human C5a receptor.. Biochem Pharmacol, 61(12), 1571-1579.
- Selection of novel ligands from a whole-molecule randomly mutated C5a library.. Protein Eng, 14(3), 189-193.
- Analysis of receptor/ligand interactions using whole-molecule randomly-mutated ligand libraries.. J Immunol Methods, 245(1-2), 139-145.
- Antibody cross-linking of human CD9 and the high-affinity immunoglobulin E receptor stimulates secretion from transfected rat basophilic leukaemia cells.. Immunology, 99(4), 546-552.
- Identification of amino acid residues in CD81 critical for interaction with hepatitis C virus envelope glycoprotein E2.. J Virol, 74(8), 3642-3649.
- Pharmacological characterization of antagonists of the C5a receptor. British Journal of Pharmacology, 128(7), 1461-1466.
- Functional expression of chemokine receptor CXCR4 on human epithelial cells.. Immunology, 98(1), 36-41.
- Cxc chemokine receptor expression on human endothelial cells.. Cytokine, 11(9), 704-712.
- Structure-function relationships of leucocyte chemoattractant receptors.. Biochem Soc Trans, 25(3), 1027-1031.
- Chemokine and chemoattractant receptor expression on human endothelial cells. Immunology Letters, 56, 101-101.
- The functional capacity of chemoattractant receptors expressed on RBL cells correlates with their rates of internalization. Immunology Letters, 56, 101-101.
- Studies on the interaction between human C5a and its receptor. Immunology Letters, 56, 109-109.
- Antibodies against human CD63 activate transfected rat basophilic leukemia (RBL-2H3) cells.. Mol Immunol, 32(17-18), 1339-1344.
- Mutation of glutamate 199 of the human C5a receptor defines a binding site for ligand distinct from the receptor N terminus.. J Biol Chem, 270(28), 16625-16629.
- Mutation of aspartate 82 of the human C5a receptor abolishes the secretory response to human C5a in transfected rat basophilic leukemia cells.. Eur J Immunol, 24(11), 2922-2925.
- Multiple signalling pathways in the C5a-induced expression of adhesion receptor Mac-1.. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1221(3), 323-329.
- Characterization of a complement-fragment-C5a-stimulated calcium-influx mechanism in U937 monocytic cells.. Biochem J, 295 ( Pt 3), 679-684.
- Evidence for the involvement of multiple signalling pathways in C5a-induced actin polymerization and nucleation in human monocyte-like cells.. J Mol Endocrinol, 6(3), 241-247.
- The regulation of actin polymerization in differentiating U937 cells correlates with increased membrane levels of the pertussis-toxin-sensitive G-protein Gi2.. Biochem J, 275 ( Pt 3), 809-811.
- The role of protein kinase C activation and inositol phosphate production in the regulation of cell-surface expression of Mac-1 by complement fragment C5a.. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1092(2), 251-255.
- Interleukin-3-stimulated haemopoietic stem cell proliferation. Evidence for activation of protein kinase C and Na+/H+ exchange without inositol lipid hydrolysis.. Biochem J, 256(2), 585-592.
- Adenosine triphosphate can maintain multipotent haemopoietic stem cells in the absence of interleukin 3 via a membrane permeabilization mechanism.. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 152(3), 1173-1178.
- Interleukin 3 stimulates proliferation via protein kinase C activation without increasing inositol lipid turnover.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 85(10), 3284-3288.
- Platelet-activating factor-induced hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate stimulates the production of reactive oxygen intermediates in macrophages.. Biochem J, 249(3), 839-845.
- Complement peptide receptors (version 2020.5) in the IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology Database. IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology CITE, 2020(5).
- Corneal Infection Models: Tools to Investigate the Role of Biofilms in Bacterial Keratitis. Cells, 9(11), 2450-2450.
- Tetraspanin Cd9b and Cxcl12a/Cxcr4b have a synergistic effect on the control of collective cell migration. PLOS ONE, 16(11), e0260372-e0260372.
Chapters
- Verlust des neuen Decoy Rezeptors C5L2 während der experimentellen und klinischen Sepsis, Chirurgisches Forum 2005 (pp. 201-202). Springer-Verlag
Conference proceedings papers
- Abstract LB-036: Tetraspanin 5 expressing macrophages promote mammary tumor growth. Tumor Biology
- Abstract LB-036: Tetraspanin 5 expressing macrophages promote mammary tumor growth. Tumor Biology
- FIGHTING PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA AND NONTYPEABLE HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE BIOFILMS WITH HOST DEFENCE PEPTIDE AS A NOVEL STEP FORWARD IN THE TREATMENT OF CHRONIC LUNG INFECTIONS. Chest, Vol. 155(4) (pp 73A-73A)
- Auto-regulation of Th1 responses requires intracellular carboxypeptidase M-mediated complement regulation. Molecular Immunology, Vol. 102 (pp 228-228)
- Post-translational modification of complement anaphylatoxins during chronic neutrophilic inflammation. Molecular Immunology, Vol. 89 (pp 167-167)
- Auto-regulation of Th1 responses through carboxypeptidase M-generated C5a-desArg. Molecular Immunology, Vol. 89 (pp 135-135)
- Auto-regulation of Th1 responses through carboxypeptidase M-generated C5a-desArg. Immunobiology, Vol. 221(10) (pp 1178-1178)
- 32. Cytokine, Vol. 70(1) (pp 35-35)
- Modelling of the C5a receptor by iterative mutation. MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY, Vol. 47(13) (pp 2215-2216)
- Novel haemodynamic effects of recombinant C5a and C5a des Arg in rats and mice. MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY, Vol. 45(16) (pp 4150-4150)
- Constitutive recycling of the C5a-receptor like protein, C5L2. MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY, Vol. 44(16) (pp 3932-3932)
- Evidence that the C5a-receptor like protein (C5L2) acts a decoy receptor for anaphylatoxins, C5a and C5adesR(74). MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY, Vol. 44(1-3) (pp 237-238)
- Different ligand-binding mechanisms used by the two C5a receptors, C5L2 and C5aR. MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY, Vol. 44(1-3) (pp 237-237)
- Structure-function relationships of leucocyte chemoattractant receptors. Biochemical Society Transactions, Vol. 25(3)
Patents
Website content
- The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2015/16: Overview.
- The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2015/16: G protein-coupled receptors.
- The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14: Overview. View this article in WRRO
- The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14: Ligand-Gated Ion Channels.
Posters
Dictionary/encyclopaedia entries
- Chemotactic peptide receptors. In xPharm: The Comprehensive Pharmacology Reference.
- C5a chemotactic peptide receptor. In xPharm: The Comprehensive Pharmacology Reference.
- C3a chemotactic peptide receptor. In xPharm: The Comprehensive Pharmacology Reference.
Preprints
- Tetraspanin Cd9b plays a role in fertility in zebrafish.
- CD9 tetraspanins convey robustness to CXCR4b signalling during collective cell migration.
- ACE2-independent interaction of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to human epithelial cells can be inhibited by unfractionated heparin.
- The influence of biofilm formation on carbapenem resistance in clinical Klebsiella pneumoniae infections: phenotype vs genome-wide analysis.
- Re-sensitising XDR biofilms using a combination of bacteriophage cocktails and colistin: a natural approach, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.
- Inhibition of Tetraspanin Functions Impairs Human Papillomavirus and Cytomegalovirus Infections. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(10), 3007-3007. View this article in WRRO