Professor Guang-Jin Li
PhD, MSc, BEng
School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Professor in Electrical Machines
Electrical Machines and Drives Research Group
g.li@sheffield.ac.uk
+44 114 222 5132
+44 114 222 5132
Sir Frederick Mappin Building
Full contact details
Professor Guang-Jin Li
School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Sir Frederick Mappin Building
Mappin Street
Sheffield
S1 3JD
School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Sir Frederick Mappin Building
Mappin Street
Sheffield
S1 3JD
- Profile
-
I graduated from Wuhan University (China) with a Bachelor’s degree in Electrical Engineering and Automation in July 2007.
Then I received my Master degree in Electric Power Systems from the Université de Paris XI, Supélec and École Normale Supérieure de Cachan (ENS Cachan), France, in July 2008.
I was subsequently awarded a PhD degree from ENS Cachan, France, in July 2011. After almost a further year working as a post-doctoral researcher in SATIE laboratory, ENS Cachan, France, I joined the EMD group at the University of Sheffield as a research associate, in June 2012.
I was appointed as a Lecturer in Electrical Machines and Drives in September 2013, and promoted to Senior Lecturer in January 2018 and Professor in January 2022, all at The University of Sheffield.
My main research interests focus on the design aspect of electrical machines. I am particularly interested in renewable energy and EV/HEV applications.
I work closely with Siemens-Gamesa designing novel permanent magnet machines and high temperature superconducting machines for offshore wind power direct drive (DD) generators.
I also explore thermal management and fault diagnostics of various PM machines such as the switched flux and also hybrid excited switched flux PM machines.
These are important areas of research for safety-critical applications such as more electrical aircraft. The fault I am particularly interested is the inter-turn short-circuit, which could cause local overheating and also magnet irreversible demagnetization.
I am also interested in developing magnet free machines, e.g. synchronous reluctance and switched reluctance machines, for applications such as EV/HEV and low cost domestic appliances.
These machines can be supplied with both square wave and sinewave currents. The latter can lead to reduced converter cost.
Moreover, their torque/power density can be significantly increased while the torque ripple can be reduced, so do the vibrations and acoustic noise levels.
- Qualifications
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- PhD, ENS de Cachan 2011
- MSc, University of Paris Sud 2008
- BEng, Wuhan University 2007
- Research interests
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- Novel permanent magnet machines including single and hybrid excited switched flux permanent magnet machines
- Design of novel switched reluctance machines and their drives including direct torque control and hybrid current control
- Fault tolerance, fault modelling and diagnostics (inter-turn and phase short-circuit) of permanent magnet machines
- Thermal management (forced air cooling, liquid cooling and ferrofluid cooling) of electrical machines
- Renewable energy and low emission transportation including wind power, electrical/hybrid vehicles, more electrical aircraft
- Publications
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Journal articles
- INVESTIGATION INTO THE SALIENCY RATIO OF FSCW GENERATORS FOR OFFSHORE WIND POWER. Energies.
- Direct-Drive Vernier Machine with Innovative Stator Design for Enhanced Demagnetization Withstand Capability. IET Electric Power Applications.
- Fractional-Slot Concentrated Windings for Offshore Wind Turbine Generators: Opportunities and Challenges. IEEE Access.
- Model-based Luenberger State Observer for Detecting Interturn Short-Circuits in PM Machines. IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification.
- Comparison of Direct-Drive Vernier Wind Generators for Potential Use at ≥10MW Power Level. IET Electric Power Applications.
- General Design Rules for Space Harmonic Cancellation in Multiphase Machines with Multiple Converters and Star-Polygonal Windings. IEEE transactions on energy conversion.
- Stator Shifting in Dual m-phase SPM Machines With Single-Layer Windings for Space Harmonic Cancellation. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications.
- Analysis of MW Level Offshore Wind Turbine Generators with Dual Star-Delta Fractional Slot Windings. Energies.
- DQ Analysis of Fractional-Slot Machines with Star-Delta Concentrated Winding. IEEE Access.
- New Ventilation Cooling for Modular PM Machines Utilizing Flux Gaps and Rotor Ducts. IEEE transactions on energy conversion.
- Novel Generic Fault Model Considering Fundamental and PWM Current Components of PM Machines with Inter-Turn Short-Circuit. IEEE transactions on power electronics.
- Semi-Flooded Cooling for High Torque Density Modular PM Machines. IET Electric Power Applications.
- Comparative Study of Ferrofluid Cooling for Permanent Magnet Machines with Different Winding Structures. IEEE Access.
- Design and Analysis of a Novel Asymmetric-Stator-Pole Dual-PM Vernier Machine. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 1-11.
- Investigation of Ferrofluid Cooling in Modular Permanent Magnet Machines. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics.
- Space Harmonic Cancellation in a Dual Three-Phase SPM Machine with Star-Delta Windings. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.
- Modelling and Analysis of Inter-Turn Short-Circuit Fault for Large-Power SPM Wind Generators. Energies.
- Investigation of inter-turn short-circuit fault of PM machines using PWM voltage-based modeling. IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification.
- In-depth investigation of inter-turn short-circuit faults of surface-mounted permanent magnet machines with series-parallel coil connections. IET Electric Power Applications.
- Analysis and Comparison of Even-Order Back-EMF Harmonics of Fractional-Slot Concentrated-Winding Consequent Pole Permanent Magnet Vernier Machines. IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification, 1-1.
- Coupled electromagnetic–thermal modelling of dynamic performance for modular SPM machines. Energies, 16(6).
- Modelling and analysis of inter-turn short-circuit fault of PM machines with parallel-connected coils. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.
- Demagnetization analysis of modular SPM machine based on coupled electromagnetic-thermal modelling. Energies, 16(1).
- PWM Voltage-Based Modeling for PM Machines With Interturn Short Circuit Fault Considering the Effect of Drives. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 70(11), 10981-10991.
- Investigation of ferrofluid cooling for high power density permanent magnet machines. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics.
- Scaling effect on inter-turn short-circuit fault of PM machines for wind power application. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications.
- AC losses in form-wound coils of surface mounted permanent magnet Vernier machines. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 58(6).
- Permanent magnet Vernier machines for direct-drive offshore wind power: benefits and challenges. IEEE Access, 10, 20652-20668.
- Effect of airgap length on electromagnetic performance of permanent magnet Vernier machines with different power ratings. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 58(2), 1920-1930.
- Reduction of Saturation and Unipolar Leakage Flux in Consequent-Pole PMV Machine. IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics, 10(2), 1870-1880.
- Impact of current harmonic injection on performance of multi-phase synchronous reluctance machines. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 36(3), 1649-1659.
- Performance investigation of consequent-pole PM machines with E-core and C-core modular stators. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 36(2), 1169-1179.
- Investigation of scaling effect on power factor of permanent magnet Vernier machines for wind power application. IET Electric Power Applications, 14(11), 2136-2145.
- System-level investigation of multi-MW direct-drive wind power PM vernier generators. IEEE Access, 8, 191433-191446.
- Analytical modelling of dynamic performance with harmonic current injection for doubly salient SynRMs. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 56(4), 3477-3487.
- Scaling effect on electromagnetic performance of surface mounted permanent magnet Vernier machine. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 56(5).
- Equivalent Magnetic Circuit Analysis of Doubly Salient PM Machine With Π-Shaped Stator Iron Core Segments. IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 30(4), 1-5.
- Consequent Pole Permanent Magnet Vernier Machine With Asymmetric Air-Gap Field Distribution. IEEE Access, 7, 109340-109348.
- Comparative investigation of stator‐mounted permanent magnet machines under fault conditions. The Journal of Engineering, 2019(17), 4241-4246.
- Investigation on contribution of inductance harmonics to torque production in multiphase doubly salient synchronous reluctance machines. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 55(4).
- Performance of superconducting generators with different topologies under fault conditions. The Journal of Engineering, 2019(17), 4090-4095.
- Combined Multi-Physics Model of Switched Flux PM Machines under Fault Operations. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.
- Comparative Studies of Torque Performance Improvement for Different Doubly Salient Synchronous Reluctance Machines by Current Harmonic Injection. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.
- Quantitative analysis of contribution of airgap field harmonics to torque production in 3-phase 12-slot/8-pole doubly-salient synchronous reluctance machines. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 54(9).
- Performance Comparison between Consequent-Pole and Inset Modular Permanent Magnet Machines. The Journal of Engineering, 2019 (Issue 17), 3951-3955.
- Influence of stator topologies on average torque and torque ripple of fractional-slot SPM machines with fully closed slots. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 54(3), 2151-2164.
- Recent Development of Reluctance Machines with Different Winding Configurations, Excitation Methods, and Machine Structures. CES Transactions on Electrical Machines and Systems, 2(1), 82-92.
- Novel Modular Switched Reluctance Machines for Performance Improvement. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 33(3), 1255-1265.
- Demagnetization Withstand Capability Enhancement of Surface Mounted PM Machines Using Stator Modularity. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications.
- Design considerations for high power converters interfacing 10 MW superconducting wind power generators. Iet Power Electronics.
- Influence of pole number and stator outer diameter on volume, weight, and cost of superconducting generators with iron-cored rotor topology for wind turbines. IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 27(6).
- Investigation on Synchronous Reluctance Machines with Different Rotor Topologies and Winding Configurations. IET Electric Power Applications.
- Comparison of 10MW superconducting generators with different topologies for offshore direct-drive wind turbines. IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity.
- Design guidelines for fractional slot multi-phase modular permanent magnet machines. IET Electric Power Applications, 11(6), 1023-1031.
- Investigation of irreversible demagnetisation in switched flux permanent magnet machines under short-circuit conditions. IET Electric Power Applications.
- Comparative Study of Fault Tolerant Switched Flux Permanent Magnet Machines. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 64(3), 1939-1948.
- Comparison of peak armature and peak field winding currents for different topologies of 10 MW superconducting generators under short-circuit conditions. IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 26(8).
- Influence of Conduction Angles on Single Layer Switched Reluctance Machines. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, PP(99).
- Performance comparison of doubly salient reluctance machine topologies supplied by sinewave currents. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 63(7), 4086-4096.
- Superposition Method for Cogging Torque Prediction in Permanent Magnet Machines With Rotor Eccentricity. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 52(6).
- Comparative Study of Torque Production in Conventional and Mutually Coupled SRMs Using Frozen Permeability. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 52(6).
- Performance investigation of hybrid excited switched flux permanent magnet machines using frozen permeability method. IET Electric Power Applications, 9(9), 586-594.
- Cogging torque mitigation of modular permanent magnet machines. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics.
- Analytical Synthesis of Air-Gap Field Distribution in Permanent Magnet Machines With Rotor Eccentricity by Superposition Method. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 51(11), 1-4.
- Analytical modelling of modular and unequal tooth width surface-mounted permanent magnet machines. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics.
- Modular Permanent Magnet Machines with Alternate Teeth Having Tooth Tips. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.
- Excitation Winding Short-Circuits in Hybrid Excitation Permanent Magnet Motor. IEEE Transaction on Energy Conversion, 29(3).
- Influence of Flux Gaps on Electromagnetic Performance of Novel Modular PM Machines. IEEE Transaction on Energy Conversion, 29(3), 716-726.
- Comparative Studies of Modular and Unequal Tooth PM Machines either with or without Tooth Tips. IEEE Transaction on Magnetics, 50(7).
- Comparative study of classical and mutually coupled switched reluctance motors using multiphysics finite-element modeling. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 61(9), 5066-5074.
- Design of a flux-switching electrical generator for wind turbine systems. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 48, 1808-1816-1808-1816.
- Modification in rotor pole geometry of mutually coupled switched reluctance machine for torque ripple mitigating. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 48, 2025-2034-2025-2034.
- Thermal-electromagnetic analysis for driving cycles of embedded flux-switching permanent-magnet motors. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 61, 140-151-140-151.
- Thermal-electromagnetic analysis of a fault-tolerant dual-star flux-switching permanent magnet motor for critical applications. IET Electric Power Applications, 5, 503-513-503-513.
- Comparative studies between classical and mutually coupled switched reluctance motors using thermal-electromagnetic analysis for driving cycles. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 47(4), 839-847.
Conference proceedings papers
- Stator Shifting in Dual m-phase SPM Machines With Single-Layer Windings for Space Harmonic Cancellation. ICEMS2023
- Investigation of Ferrofluid Cooling in Modular Permanent Magnet Machines. IEEE INTERMAG
- Investigation on Axial-Flux Switched Reluctance Machine with Different Winding Configurations. IEEE
- A Novel High Frequency Voltage Injection Method for Inter-Turn Short-Circuit Fault Detection and Location in Electrical Machines. IEEE
- Comparative Study of Axial-Flux Switched Reluctance Machine with Different Core Materials. IEEE
- Comparative Study of Stator-mounted PM Machines Focusing on Thermal Performance. IEEE
- Torque performance comparison of stator-mounted permanent magnet machines using genetic algorithm optimization. IEEE, 9 October 2022 - 13 October 2022.
- Performance Comparison of Optimized Stator-Mounted Permanent Magnet Machines Focusing on PM Usage. 2022 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), 9 October 2022 - 13 October 2022.
- Thermomagnetic Cooling for High Power Density Electrical Machines. 2022 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), 9 October 2022 - 13 October 2022.
- Scaling Effect on Inter-Turn Short-Circuit of PM Machines for Wind Power Application. 2021 IEEE International Electric Machines & Drives Conference (IEMDC), 17 May 2021 - 20 May 2021.
- Novel Liquid Cooling Technology for Modular Consequent-Pole PM Machines. 2021 IEEE International Electric Machines & Drives Conference (IEMDC), 17 May 2021 - 20 May 2021.
- Optimization of Modular SPM Machines Considering Stator Modularity. 2021 IEEE International Electric Machines & Drives Conference (IEMDC), 17 May 2021 - 20 May 2021.
- SENSORLESS CONTROL FOR PERMANENT MAGNET SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE DRIVES CONSIDERING RESISTANCE ASYMMETRY. The 10th International Conference on Power Electronics, Machines and Drives (PEMD 2020)
- Multivariable Generalized Predictive Speed Control for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine with Enhanced Luenberger Speed Observer. The 10th International Conference on Power Electronics, Machines and Drives (PEMD 2020)
- IMPACT OF MAGNETIC COUPLING IN TRANSVERSE FLUX PERMANENT MAGNET MACHINE FOR WIND POWER APPLICATION. The 10th International Conference on Power Electronics, Machines and Drives (PEMD 2020)
- Effect of airgap length on electromagnetic performance of surface mounted permanent magnet Vernier machine. Proceedings of 2020 International Conference on Electrical Machines (ICEM) (pp 1882-1888). Online conference, 23 August 2020 - 26 August 2020.
- Vibrations and Acoustic Noise Analyses of Modular SPM Machines. 2020 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), 11 October 2020 - 15 October 2020.
- Improved Cooling in Modular Consequent Pole PM Machine Utilizing Flux Gaps. 2020 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), 11 October 2020 - 15 October 2020.
- Influence of Demagnetization on Selecting the Optimum Slot/Pole Number Combination for 3MW Surface Mounted Permanent Magnet Vernier Machine. 2019 22nd International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), 11 August 2019 - 14 August 2019.
- Dynamic Performance Investigation of Doubly Salient Synchronous Reluctance Machines with Current Harmonic Injection. 2019 22nd International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), 11 August 2019 - 14 August 2019.
- Losses in Different Doubly Salient Synchronous Reluctance Machines with Current Harmonic Injection. 2019 22nd International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), 11 August 2019 - 14 August 2019.
- Investigation of Integer/Fractional Slot Consequent Pole PM Machines with Different Rotor Structures. 2019 IEEE International Electric Machines & Drives Conference (IEMDC), 12 May 2019 - 15 May 2019.
- Study of Manufacturing Tolerance of Modular Permanent Magnet Machines: Segment Radial Displacement. 2019 IEEE International Electric Machines & Drives Conference (IEMDC), 12 May 2019 - 15 May 2019.
- Torque Performance Improvement of Doubly Salient Synchronous Reluctance Machines by Current Harmonic Injection. 2019 IEEE International Electric Machines & Drives Conference (IEMDC), 12 May 2019 - 15 May 2019.
- Comparative Studies of Fractional/Integer-Slot Consequent Pole Permanent Magnet Machines. 2019 IEEE International Electric Machines & Drives Conference (IEMDC), 12 May 2019 - 15 May 2019.
- Losses in Different Doubly Salient Synchronous Reluctance Machines with Current Harmonic Injection. 2019 22ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL MACHINES AND SYSTEMS (ICEMS 2019) (pp 4860-4865)
- Influence of Demagnetization on Selecting the Optimum Slot/Pole Number Combination for 3MW Surface Mounted Permanent Magnet Vernier Machine. 2019 22ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL MACHINES AND SYSTEMS (ICEMS 2019) (pp 5317-5322)
- Dynamic Performance Investigation of Doubly Salient Synchronous Reluctance Machines with Current Harmonic Injection. 2019 22ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL MACHINES AND SYSTEMS (ICEMS 2019) (pp 4178-4183)
- Modeling of inter-turn and inter-phase short-circuit of flux-switching permanent magnet motors. 2018 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE). Portland, USA, 23 September 2018 - 23 September 2018.
- Cogging torque and torque ripple reduction of modular permanent magnet machines. 2016 XXII International Conference on Electrical Machines (ICEM), 4 September 2016 - 7 September 2016.
- Demagnetization analysis of modular surface mounted permanent magnet machines. Proceedings: 2016 XXII International Conference on Electrical Machines (ICEM), 4 September 2016 - 9 September 2016.
- Influence of slot opening and flux gaps on the voltage distortion in spm machines. Proceedings: 2016 XXII International Conference on Electrical Machines (ICEM), 4 September 2016 - 7 September 2016.
- Comparative study of voltage distortion in fractional-slot PM machines having different winding and stator configurations. 2016 Eleventh International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER), 6 April 2016 - 8 April 2016.
- Torque investigation of fractional-slot permanent magnet machines with different winding topology and stator structures. 2016 Eleventh International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER), 6 April 2016 - 8 April 2016.
- Hybrid Excitation Switched Flux Permanent Magnet Machines with Hybrid Magnets. 8th IET International Conference on Power Electronics, Machines and Drives (PEMD 2016)
- Analytical synthesis of air-gap field in permanent magnet machines with rotor eccentricity by superposition method. 2015 IEEE Magnetics Conference (INTERMAG), 11 May 2015 - 15 May 2015.
- Comparative study of alternative modular switched flux permanent magnet machines. 2015 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology (ICIT), 17 March 2015 - 19 March 2015.
- Comparative study of short-pitched and fully-pitched SRMs supplied by sine wave currents. 2015 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology (ICIT), 17 March 2015 - 19 March 2015.
- Thermal modelling of switched flux permanent magnet machines. 2014 International Conference on Electrical Machines (ICEM), 2 September 2014 - 5 September 2014.
- Electromagnetic loss investigation and mitigation in switched flux permanent magnet machines. 2014 International Conference on Electrical Machines (ICEM), 2 September 2014 - 5 September 2014.
- Comparative study of vibration and acoustic noise between classical and mutually coupled switched reluctance motors (pp 2955-2960-2955-2960)
- Model and control of a hybrid excitation flux switching machine for torque ripple reduction. ELECTRIMACS 2011. University of Cergy-Pontoise Cergy-Pontoise, France, 6 June 2011 - 8 June 2011.
- Double and single layers flux-switching permanent magnet motors: Fault tolerant model for critical applications
- Design of double salient interior permanent magnet machine based on mutually coupled reluctance machine for increasing the torque density and flux-weakening capability (pp 1253-1258-1253-1258)
- Fault diagnosis using vibration measurements of a flux-switching permanent magnet Motor (pp 2091-2096-2091-2096)
- Comparative study of switched reluctance motors performances for two current distributions and excitation modes (pp 4047-4052-4047-4052)
- A New Method of Current Density Distribution for Switched Reluctance Machine to Increase Average output Torque. PCIM 2009. Shanghai, China
Patents
- Multi-winding set fractional slot synchronous machine. Appl. 18 Oct 2023.
Presentations
- Recent Development of Modular Machines. AMRC – Knowledge Transfer Centre Advanced Manufacturing Park, Brunel Way, Catcliffe, Rotherham S6.
- Ferrofluid Cooling for High Power Dense PM Machines. ZF Automotive UK Limited Active Safety Systems Div The Hub, Central Boulevard, Blythe Valley Park,.
Other
- Thermomagnetic cooling for high power / torque density electrical machines.
- INVESTIGATION INTO THE SALIENCY RATIO OF FSCW GENERATORS FOR OFFSHORE WIND POWER. Energies.
- Grants
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September 2020 - August 2022
- Sponsor: EPSRC
- Title: Advanced Thermomagnetic Cooling for Ultrahigh Power Density Electrical Machines
- PI
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January 2019 - December 2023
- Sponsor: Offshore Renewable Catapult
- Title: Powertrain Research Hub
- Co-I
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April 2019 - September 2027
- Sponsor: EPSRC
- Title: EPSRC Centre for Doctoral Training in Offshore Wind Energy and the Environment (AURA CDT)
- EEE lead
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July 2017 - June 2019
- Sponsor: Innovate UK
- Title: Inverter integrated machine for low carbon vehicles
- Co-I
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July 2017 - June 2019
- Sponsor: Innovate UK
- Title: Development of novel power tool motors - KTP
- PI
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Oct 2017 - Sept 2022
- Sponsor: EPSRC
- Title: Siemens Wind Power: Prosperity Partnerships
- Co-I
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Oct 2014 - Oct 2016
- Sponsor: Innovate UK
- Title: KTP - Cobham CTS Ltd
- Co-I
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Dec 2015 - Feb 2016
- Sponsor: Siemens-Gamesa
- Title: Investigation of HTS generator for 10-20 MW wind turns and PhD funding
- Co-I
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Sep 2016 - Aug 2017
- Sponsor: CSR ZHUZHOU INSTITUTE CO LTD
- Title: CRRC Research Centre (Phase III)
- Co-I
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- Teaching activities
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- Module Leader of EEE 305 "Machine Design"
- Module Leader of EEE6204 "Permanent Magnet Machines and Actuators"
- Professional activities and memberships
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- AMPERE MSc Administrator
- Departmental Exam Officer
- Research students
Student Degree Status Primary/Secondary Ma X PhD Graduated Primary Ren B PhD Graduated Primary Taras P PhD Graduated Primary Zhang K PhD Graduated Primary Zhou R PhD Graduated Primary Kana Padinharu D PhD Graduated Primary