Biomedical Science with a Year in Industry MBiomedSci

Core modules:

Introduction to Biomedical Science

This module comprises an integrated set of lectures, practical classes and tutorials designed to provide both an introduction to a wide range of topics in modern biomedical science, and also an opportunity to enhance students' practical, numerical, presentational, analytical and problem-solving skills. It will also constitute an underpinning for the Biomedical Science degree programme core Level 2 modules and Level 3 optional routes. Students will take lectures and practicals in selected areas of physiology, neuroscience, pharmacology, cell biology, molecular biology, developmental biology and pathobiology. Tutorial support will enhance student's abilities in critical analysis and presentational skills.

110 credits

Optional modules:

Advanced concepts in molecular physiology

The module focuses on molecular physiology and pharmacology, with students covering advanced concepts in areas such as receptors, pharmacokinetics and systems such as the cardiovascular, respiratory, renal and nervous system. Within these systems you will consider a number of pathophysiological conditions. Supporting content will cover areas related to the human development and cellular and molecular biology, providing a broad understanding of areas that support understanding of physiology. You will develop practical and analytical skills with the completion of physiology and pharmacological practical classes. In addition, sessions on employability will allow you to develop key skills for the future.

80 credits

Developmental, Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology

This module focuses on cellular and developmental biology, with students covering advanced concepts in embryo formation, development of cell types, assembly and maintenance of the nervous system and processes that govern stem cells, ageing and cancer. Within these you will consider a number of disease conditions. Supporting content will cover areas related to pharmacology and cellular and molecular biology, providing a broad understanding of areas that support developmental processes. You will develop practical and analytical skills with the completion of developmental and pharmacological practical classes. In addition, session on employability will allow you to develop key skills ofr the future.

80 credits

Introduction to Human Anatomy (Part A)

This practical unit introduces UGL2 students to the anatomy of the human body. Students will dissect and study the systems of the human body in small groups as well as view pre-dissected specimens and models. The module will allow students to develop their anatomical knowledge and enterprise skills to complete a coursework project. The module is designed to enable students to acquire a solid foundation and understanding of the anatomy of the human body including the thorax, abdomen, pelvis and upper limb. The practical sessions will be supported by a series of briefing lectures and independent/guided learning activities. Assessment will be by one summative exam.

10 credits

Introduction to Human Anatomy

This practical unit will introduce Level 2 undergraduate students to the anatomy of the human body on both a cellular and gross level. It will give them an opportunity to dissect and study the systems of the human body in small groups as well as view pre-dissected specimens and models. It is designed to enable students to acquire a solid foundation and understanding of the anatomy of the human body, trunk, abdomen, pelvis, upper and lower limbs, neck and the head. The practical session will be supported by a series of lectures and assessment will be by three examinations and one project. Two examinations will be a `spotter examination' with specimens in the dissection room (65% of overall mark) andanother carried out online under examination conditions (25% of overall mark). The coursework will be worth 10%. Students will be expected to work independently to complete some of the work. Upon successful completion of the course, students should be well equipped to embark on advanced anatomy courses at Level 3 if they choose to do so.The focus of this course is to correlate the structure of the human body with function. The location and relationship of structures within the thorax, limbs, abdomen, pelvis and head will be determined through cadaveric dissection and the examination of pre-dissected material and models.

20 credits

Biology of Stem Cells, Ageing and Cancer

This module will allow you to gain in-depth knowledge and understanding of the processes that govern stem cell biology, ageing and cancer. Emphasis will be placed on key concepts linking stem cells, embryonic development and the maintenance/growth of adult body systems. Furthermore, you will gain knowledge of the biological basis of cancer, deepening your understanding on the mechanisms that drive tumour formation.

10 credits

Cardiovascular and Respiratory Physiology

This module covers the advanced physiological concepts of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Within these systems you will consider the normal physiology of these systems, but also examine a number of pathophysiological conditions, such as cystic fibrosis, asthma, hypertension, sudden cardiac death and acid base balance disturbances. Within the module there will be self-directed learning tasks for you to complete, including an electronic journal exercise to help you get to grips finding research papers. You will also see how research approaches can be used to help inform our understanding of inherited diseases.

10 credits

Developmental Neurobiology

How is the nervous system built and maintained so that it functions appropriately? This module will equip you with the ability to apply basic principles in developmental biology to nervous system assembly and maintenance. You will examine experimental evidence that reveals the principles underpinning development of the vertebrate nervous system. Emphasis will be placed on understanding core principles gained through analysis of model organisms, emphasising that mechanisms are evolutionarily conserved. You will see how these core principles underpin our ability to understand and manipulate the human nervous system, so that we are better able to understand degeneration and regeneration.

10 credits

Neural circuits, behaviour and memory

This module aims to provide you with a broad understanding of neuroscience. You will cover areas such as neurophysiology, molecular biology, model organisms and simple behaviours. The topics covered will add to your knowledge and understanding from first year, putting in place a more advanced understanding of the concepts needed to support the more complex topics concerning higher brain function, behaviour, biological psychiatry and neurodegenerative disease.

10 credits

Physiology & Pharmacology of Cells

This module covers the advanced physiology and pharmacology of the nervous, muscular and renal systems. Within these systems you will consider the normal physiology, with a specific focus on cellular mechanisms. You will examine a number of pathophysiological conditions, such as myotonia, ataxia, epilepsy, myasthenia gravis and Liddle's syndrome. You will study the pharmacological approach used to treat diseases of the central nervous system. Experimental evidence presented in lectures will also show you how research approaches can be used to help inform our understanding of disease.

10 credits

Optional modules for your year of study:

Laboratory Research Project

Contact department for more information.

40 credits

Library Project - Autumn Semester

The Library Project is a 30-credit module designed to improve students' literature searching, research, analytical and synthetic skills, together with skills in design and presentation (in written, oral and multimedia work). The module will run in Semester 1: submission of written and video elements will be in the last teaching week of Semester 1, with an oral presentation within the Semester 1 exam period. The emphasis is on independent study and research, but students will be guided via five one-to-one supervision sessions as well as group advice sessions, optional group training sessions, and online training sessions where skills in relevant software packages are reinforced or introduced.

30 credits

Patients as Educators Project

Sheffield University Medical School runs a highly successfully Patients as Educators scheme. Local patients are recruited and trained to interact with medical students. This project allows students in BMS a chance also to meet with a small set of patients, who share a clinical condition, and explore their experience of their illness. The PaE project is a 30 credit module designed to improve students' literature searching, research, analytical and synthetic skills. Students are expected to thoroughly explore and describe the condition allocated to them, propose and contextualise areas of future research to alleviate it, and develop literature to support patients.The Medical School has for many years trained patients in interacting with medical students and we have arranged for BMS students to undertake a project involving these volunteers. As part of the project module students will interview patients in their homes and record the details of these conversations. The interviews make up a small part of the overall workload on the module, and are primarily offered to allow the student to gain experience in this area. This module is not available for students on the Dev and Cell route.

30 credits

Science Communication and Policy

Open to up to 10 students this module provides an exciting opportunity to learn about science policy and communication in a small group environment. Together we will explore the complexities of communicating science to lay audiences and the different formats through which this takes place. You will identify an area of bioscience research that you would like to present to a non-specialist, or lay, audience through both an oral presentation and a written ‘briefing document’. This ‘briefing document’ is something tangible you will be able to give to potential future employers as part of a job application or at interview; something that may help to make you stand out amongst other applicants.

30 credits

Students as Educators

The science in schools project will introduce you to the theory and practice of teaching. You will write a review of a specific area of pedagogical research, and liaise with local school teachers to develop and deliver exciting science lessons that complement the current curriculum for that particular school class. An important part of the project will be to assess the impact of these lessons on the school pupils perception of science, allowing evaluation of your activity in a written report. You will work in pairs to design and deliver the lessons, however, the associated reports and presentations will be written and assessed individually.

30 credits

Forensic Anatomy

In this module students apply their knowledge of gross human anatomy and forensic science techniques to determine the identity of human remains. During the course students will be trained in facial reconstruction, forensic anthropology, and DNA profiling. Assessment for the module will be a combination of coursework and examination.

20 credits

Neuroscience Techniques

The module is based around teaching students a range of modern neuroscience techniques by trying to answer the overall question: Can the MED cells provide a replacement for primary DRG? The practical sessions are divided into two halves (i) establishing the in vivo molecular properties of DRG neurons and (ii) Can the MED cells provide a replacement for primary DRG? The practical utilises an in-house conditionally immortalised mouse dorsal root ganglion cell line (MED17.11) derived by M. Nassar and M. Holley which can differentiate easily (temperature change from 33°C to 37°C) into nociceptors over 7 days. Students will be taught basic cell culture using this cell line and can set up flasks of cells that can either be grown in an undifferentiated state or be differentiated into sensory neurons for use in downstream practical sessions. In addition, students will be shown how to section either (i) Frozen rat tissue (DRGs) using a cryostat or (ii) Paraffin-embedded section (again DRGs) using a microtome. Following on from the session on the basic techniques of cell culture, cryostat and microtome, two 'molecular' techniques will be taught in subsequent practicals (i) immunofluorescent staining for NF200 and peripherin and image analysis (ii) cDNA production/RT-PCR. The results from these techniques will be compared to staining results obtained from (i) paraffin-embedded and (ii) eg OCT fresh/frozen samples of mouse DRG stained for the same antibodies.

20 credits

Bioinformatics for Biomedical Science

It will use a multidisciplinary approach integrated with programming tools and cloud environment to introduce students statistical concepts underpinning advanced data analysis and methods that are suitable for high-throughput data analysis. Theoretical concepts and detailed examples will be introduced to provide the students with key steps to perform experimental design in data collection, data analysis and results validation.The course will present state-of-the art research in computational biology with guest lecture and enable students to critically assess statistical methods and enhance innovative thinking in data analysis.

10 credits

Biological Basis of Brain Disease 1: Neurodegeneration

The module will examine recent and current research into human neurodegenerative disease including Huntington's, Parkinson's, Alzheimer's and motor neuron disease. In addition, reference may be made to the spongiform encephalopathies, frontal dementias and Lewy body disease, with emphasis on their inter-relationships and commonalities. The genetic and non-genetic aetiological influences, defining pathology and pathophysiology and current understanding of the underlying biology will be examined by a detailed consideration of current research in these areas. The module will also include discussion of the prevention and treatment of the diseases, highlighting possible therapies which may be useful in several pathologies. This module (E1 form) will replace a pre-existing module (BMS309; ' Biological Basis of Brain Disease 1: Neurodegeneration) which is moving from BMS (Faculty of Science) to Dept. of Neuroscience (FMDH) and will be withdrawn at the end of the current academic session.

10 credits

Biomedical Technology and Drug Development

This module examines some of the key technologies that underpin modern biomedical research. Over the course of the module we will follow the development of a hypothetical antibody-based anti-cancer treatment through discovery, development and clinical trials. Teaching will be via a combination of lectures and site visits to local facilities. Led by experts in these technologies, site visits will demonstrate the application of cutting edge biomedical technologies at first hand. The aim is for students to gain a fundamental understanding of the biology, chemistry and physics that underlies some of the key techniques in modern biomedical research.This module will examine the steps involved in the development of a hypothetical new antibody- based treatment for malignant melanoma. This ‘bottom up’ approach will be used as a framework from which to examine some of the technologies underlying modern biomedical science. Each of these key technologies will be studied at the level of the physics, chemistry and biology involved so as to gain a fundamental insight into how they work, what they can do and what their limitations might be.The course will begin by examining gene discovery approaches involving the use of next generation sequencing which could be used to identify genes whose expression is up regulated in tumours. High throughput screening of RNAi libraries will then be examined as a means of phenotypic / functional screening for gene validation. We will then discuss how we cou

10 credits

Cancer Biology

The unit will provide a description and explanation of the characteristics of tumour cells; genetic and environmental factors in the origins of tumours; cell culture models and animal models; carcinogenesis as a multi-step process; the identification of oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes and their impact on cell signalling and proliferation; the role of p53 and checkpoint genes in genome integrity; tumour immunology; epigenetics of cancer; invasion and metastasis; the utility of cytogenetics in cancer diagnosis; current cancer treatment strategies and rational approaches for novel therapeutics. A brief review of fundamental principles in genetics and molecular cell biology will be given. Nevertheless, students should have a basic understanding of genetics, molecular biology and cell biology.

10 credits

Cardiovascular Pharmacology: personalising medicine

This module aims to describe all aspects of modern cardiovascular pharmacology to enable the student to understand how and why medical treatments for cardiovascular disease are becoming increasingly personalised. Drugs that influence the function of the heart, blood vessels and blood cells in cardiovascular disease states and their interactions in humans will be discussed. New approaches to the multimodal treatment of heart disease will be explained. Formative assessment will be by an on-line quiz; summative assessment will be by formal examination and an extended coursework essay from a choice of 3 with emphasis upon contemporary pharmacological themes in cardiovascular medicine.

10 credits

Epigenetics

Epigenetic mechanisms regulate gene expression throughout life. Developmental processes, maintenance of physiological homeostasis, and adaptive responses to sensory stimuli or metabolic signals, are all subject to epigenetic regulation. Moreover, abnormal epigenetic changes are associated with chronic disorders, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases and mental illnesses. The main aim of this module is to explore the roles ofepigenetic mechanisms in these varied biological processes. Through engagement with research literature on how the epigenome facilitates integration of genomic, developmental and environmental information, students will have the opportunity to deepen their understanding of how epigenetic mechanisms shape phenotypes andmodify disease risks. Epigenetic mechanisms regulate gene expression throughout life. Developmental processes, maintenance of physiological homeostasis, and adaptive responses to sensory stimuli or metabolic signals, are all subject to epigenetic regulation. Moreover, abnormal epigenetic changes are associated with chronic disorders, includingcancer, cardiovascular diseases and mental illnesses. The main aim of this module is to explore the roles of epigenetic mechanisms in these varied biological processes.

10 credits

Epithelial Physiology in Health and Disease

The aim of this course is to provide an understanding of the different cellular and molecular mechanisms used by epithelia to solve transport problems. The teaching will consist of conventional lectures and will reflect the University's mission to teach at a research level. The module will draw examples from a variey of epithelia to illustrate particular transport challenges. The module will begin with a consideration of some of the recent methodological advances applied to the study of epithelia and how epithelial transport can be quantified and modelled. Problems such as how epithelia undertake water transport and how transport activity at apical and basal membranes is precisely matched will be explored. Lectures will also examine how epithelial cells transport essential nutrients. The human placenta will be studied extensively to illustrate strategies used to simultaneously overcome multiple transport problems.

10 credits

Group Research Initiatives

This module centres on a research project that is tackled by a group or groups rather than individuals and gives experience in group dynamics of a research team aiming for a specific goal in a finite time. The projects involve experiments on animal blood. Tasks involve library searches for relevant references, statistical handling of data using graph packages, production of a group report (word processing) and writing of a research abstract (individually).

10 credits

Membrane Dynamics in Health and Disease

The analysis of protein sorting and trafficking among different intracellular compartments is a major area of investigation in cell biology. This module aims to provide students with an understanding of the fundamental concepts that underlie the cellular machinery of membrane trafficking and the experimental approaches that have been used, and continue to be used, to establish these concepts. The unit will also address how tissue specific events such as immune surveillance, synaptic vesicle recycling and developmental processes depend on particular modulations of the basic trafficking machinery.

10 credits

Membrane Receptors

Membranes form the interface between the cell and its environment. The module examines in depth aspects of the relationship between membrane structure and function. The roles of the lipid, protein and carbohydrate components in the overall structure and function of the plasma membrane are examined and emphasis is placed on the experimental basis for current views and the strengths and limitations of different techniques and perspectives. Greatest emphasis will be placed on the study of membrane channels, especially through the use of the patch clamp technique and on the molecular basis of cell contact and adhesion.

10 credits

Modelling Human Disease and Dysfunction

The module will provide students with an understanding of how post-genomic developmental biology impacts on our ability to understand, and treat, chronic disease/dysfunction of the body and brain. Students will be introduced to major experimental systems and approaches that are pertinent to disease/dysfunction modelling. These include genetically-tractable animal model and in vitro cellular systems (including stem cells, bioinformatics). We will explore the principles involved in how these systems are exploited to develop new strategies for intervention, including new therapeutics. Critical evaluation of research papers will allow students to gain experience of analysing experimental work, data presentation and interpretation of results.

10 credits

Molecular Physiology of Ion Channels and Human Disease

Ion channels are integral membrane proteins responsible for transmitting chemical and electrical signals across membranes, control of cell volume and proliferation, and sensing the extracellular environment. This module reviews current knowledge and thinking about ion channels in mammalian cells. It provides a comprehensive awareness of the major families of channels, illustrates and exemplifies the various ways to study channels, and outlines the theoretical basis for measuring channel function. The module aims to impart understanding of the physiological importance of channels; through examples of the medical and therapeutic significance of ion channel defects leading to disease and exploiting channels as drug targets.

10 credits

Neurodevelopment and Behaviour

This course examines the mechanisms that underlie development of the nervous system during embryogenesis. Examples will be described from a variety of model organisms to introduce key steps in the establishment of the CNS and PNS, steps that include neural induction, neural patterning, early segregation of CNS and PNS, the establishment and refinement of connectivity in the nervous system. Recent research from teachers of this course, and from both the classical and current literature is used to analyse and evaluate theories and mechanisms of establishment of the functional nervous system.

10 credits

Pharmacological Techniques

The unit will provide lectures on traditional receptor theory and practical classes giving experience of isolated tissue responses and data analysis, interpretation and presentation. Common techniques employed by the pharmaceutical industry will be used to generate data from isolated living tissues. In problem-solving sessions students will be shown how to enter and manipulate the data in relevant software in order to determine drug affinities, potency and intrinsic activities. Group discussions will bring together all the class data to allow conclusions to be made about the receptor populations being studied. Numbers will be limited for this practical module.Introductory briefings will cover the theory of drug-receptor interactions, drug dilutions and bath concentrations. Students will then perform a practical class providing experience of using isolated tissues and the recording system.Following further group sessions on data manipulation and analysis, more complex practical classes will examine various concepts of receptor theory and mechanisms of neurotransmission. At each stage additional group sessions will allow data analysis, the bringing together of class results that will allow discussion and conclusions that can be justified by the results.

10 credits

Pharmacology of Respiratory Disease

Using the respiratory system as the focus, this module aims to further the students understanding of how the body defends itself from the ever-present threat of pathogenic attack; in particular what happens when the host fails in its defence and succumbs to respiratory disease, and the pharmacological strategies that can be employed in an attempt to restore homeostasis and a return to health. Formative assessment will be by an on-line quiz; summative assessment will be by formal examination.

10 credits

Principles of Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering

This unit will provide students with an overview of the multidisciplinary concepts underpinning tissue engineering. Through detailed examples of tissue engineering strategies for replacing specific organs and tissues, students will be introduced to the key steps of the tissue engineering process from bench to bedside. The course will present topical research in tissue engineering and enable students to critically assess the current limitations and potential applications of tissue engineering for medical applications, drug discovery and food manufacturing.The unit will provide an overview of the central topics of tissue engineering, including cell sourcing for tissue engineering, biomaterial properties and design, and cell-material interactions. Particular emphasis will be given to the recent cutting-edge examples of applying tissue engineering to restore function of various organ systems.

10 credits

Sensory Neuroscience

This module covers the adult function and functional development of the auditory system, including sensory transduction and information processing. It will focus primarily on the periphery but will include representation of information in central pathways, with attention to mammalian animal models. The aims will be to show how physiological and developmental mechanisms combine to create the exquisite structural and functional tuning of the auditory system to the external world and how complex sensory information is encoded in the nervous system.

10 credits

Stem Cell Biology

This unit aims to provide students with an in-depth account of stem cell biology and their application to regenerative medicine. Special reference will be made to the molecular and genetic control of cell fate specification and differentiation. Consideration will be given to existing and potential clinical use of stem cells and their derivatives, and the ethical issues that these raise. As this is a rapidly developing field, strong emphasis will be placed on understanding the current controversies in the literature. Teaching and learning will be by lectures and tutorials and will be supported by web-based materials. Students will be expected to demonstrate a critical appreciation of the current literature, its controversies and key concepts

10 credits

The Kidney in Health and Disease

The aim of the course is to present an in depth study of the structure/function correlates of normal kidneys and the cell biological processes underlying kidney growth and disease. The development of the vertebrate kidney will be examined and detailed consideration will be given to the structure and role of the glomerulus, proximal and distal tubules, collecting ducts, and to the vasculature of the kidney. Pathological changes in the kidney as a result of nephritis, ischaemia and sclerosis will be investigated. The clinical treatment of human patients with end-stage renal failure will also be considered, including mechanisms of dialysis and transplantation.

10 credits

Core modules:

Laboratory Research Project

The module aims to provide students with experience of laboratory research and develop their practical and organisational skills required for a career in science. Students undertake a project which reflects the research activities in the Department. Projects will run in the laboratories of the research groups and although students will have contact with various staff, each student will have an identified member of staff as their project supervisor. Students will gain experience of experimental design and execution and in the collation, interpretation and presentation of data. Assessment of the project will be based on; a written report, performance in the laboratory including keep a lab book, and delivery and defence of an individual poster presentation.

60 credits

Retrieval and Evaluation of Research Information

Before starting on the laboratory component of their research, project students must undertake an in depth survey of the literature relevant to the project. Students will be required to carry out an exhaustive search of material relevant to their project using the resources of the University, including the WEB. This will involve primarily private study by the student under the direction of the project supervisor who will meet with the student at regular intervals to ensure satisfactory progress. The module will be assessed on the basis of a written report and a compulsory oral presentation targeted at a non-specialist audience.

30 credits

Critical Analysis of Current Science

This module is designed to develop the student's ability to read and understand the scientific literature relating to their own research area and also enable them to integrate their own work into the wider scientific field. The module consists of three components; a tutorial/seminar programme of up to 16 tutorial sessions designed to develop student skills in reading, understanding and criticising scientific literature; attendance at departmentally organised review lectures covering broad areas of science delivered by internationally recognised scientists; participation in all support sessions provided by the research groups in support of their research programme. Each component would be assessed separately with written reports, some undertaken under formal examination conditions.

15 credits

Ethics, the Law and Public Awareness of Science

The module will begin with an introduction to the areas in which legislation impinges on biomedical research. We will then proceed to analyse the processes by which such legislation is made including, especially, the ethical bases for such legislation. To do this we will introduce the students to the philosophical bases of ethical thought and get them to analyse existing laws to discover the ethics that underlies these laws. The students will then be asked to discuss the ethics of specific topics in the form of a formal debate. In addition, we examine how society perceives science and how the process of science itself works and how this influences scientists’ abilities to present their work to the wider community.

15 credits