Biological Sciences BSc

Core modules:

Experimental Skills for Bioscientists

This core module is designed to give you the essential practical skills you'll need for a successful career in scientific research. Throughout this module, you'll build a strong foundation in laboratory techniques, data handling, and scientific methodology.

In Semester 1 you'll learn fundamental lab skills, such as pipetting, microscopy, and performing basic mathematical calculations. You'll also learn to use analytical software to collect and process data.

In Semester 2 you'll work with your coursemates on group projects that allow you to develop your own hypotheses, design and conduct experiments, collect and analyse data, and present your findings in the form of clear and concise lab reports.

This module will train you in the core competencies you'll need to perform experiments and communicate scientific research effectively.

20 credits

Professional Skills for Bioscientists

This module is built around a team-based project focussing on identifying and communicating a real-world bioscience problem.

Your team will pick one issue from the UN's Sustainable Development Goals to focus on. You'll research this issue using articles, reports, and data to better understand it, before creating a digital project showing why the issue matters and needs action. Depending on your interests, you could choose to focus on environmental issues, health disparities, or agricultural challenges.

You'll then identify key populations that are affected, outlining the underlying causes that have led to such problems, and consider the career pathways that bioscientists could take to address this challenge.

20 credits

Building Blocks of Life

This core module will introduce you to the essential components that constitute all living organisms.

To understand the complexity of any biological system, we must understand it across scales from molecules through to cells, tissues, organisms, populations and ecosystems.

This module explores the key principles of molecular cell biology that form the foundation of life. You'll learn about the structure and function of cellular components, how genetic information is stored and transmitted, and how cells communicate through signalling pathways in microbes, fungi, animal and plant kingdoms. You'll then explore how single cells develop into multicellular organisms.

We'll also discuss the fundamentals of the immune system of animals, how other organisms such as plants respond to and clear infection, and how this knowledge can be exploited to develop therapeutics including vaccines.

20 credits

Genetics and Evolution

This core module explores the genetic and evolutionary mechanisms and processes that underpin all life on Earth which are the central unifying themes of modern biology. You'll examine sources and mechanisms of variation from genes to populations, and investigate evolutionary processes of selection, adaptation, and the origin of species.

We'll also introduce you to the approaches used to study genetics and evolution including classical population and quantitative genetics, phylogenetic trees, and the fossil record.

At the end of this module, you'll be able to recognise real-world applications of genetics and evolution spanning disciplines from medicine to conservation.

10 credits

Origins and Diversity of Life

This core module will introduce you to the staggering diversity of life on Earth, from extremophiles in hydrothermal vents, and the first plants on land, to animals exploiting niches on land, sea, and air.

You'll start by looking at the origins of life and examine the evidence for major transitions in Earth history, such as the colonisation of land and extinction events that have shaped life over geologic time.

We'll take an in-depth look into the great evolutionary success story of the microbial world. You'll learn about the physiological features and adaptations of microbes that have enabled them to colonise every available niche on the planet and extend this knowledge to give you an understanding of their importance for human health.

10 credits

Optional modules:

A student will take 40 credits from one of the following routes:

Organisms and environment route - you will study:

Biodiversity, Climate and Conservation

Humanity is facing inter-related crises of biodiversity decline and climate change. This module will give you an understanding of the anthropogenic and natural factors that determine the distribution of biodiversity, species' interactions and population sizes, and key biological-geochemical cycles that regulate environmental conditions on our planet.

You'll explore links between biodiversity decline, climate change and ecosystem function, before discussing the consequences for nature's ability to provide benefits to people and sustainability, and the solutions that can mitigate these impacts.

During this module, you'll also take part in field-based training to develop practical skills for identifying and measuring biodiversity and carbon storage.

20 credits

Form and Function of Living Organisms

This module will introduce you to the scientific study of whole organisms.

You'll explore the physiology, reproduction, and development of animals and plants. You'll learn how both genetic and environmental factors determine animal behaviour, and how those same factors contribute to form, function and diversity across life. You'll also investigate how animals and plants acquire and process energy, nutrients, and water, before examining asexual and sexual reproduction in a range of contexts.

20 credits

Form, function and behaviour route - you will study:

Form and Function of Living Organisms

This module will introduce you to the scientific study of whole organisms.

You'll explore the physiology, reproduction, and development of animals and plants. You'll learn how both genetic and environmental factors determine animal behaviour, and how those same factors contribute to form, function and diversity across life. You'll also investigate how animals and plants acquire and process energy, nutrients, and water, before examining asexual and sexual reproduction in a range of contexts.

20 credits

Introduction to Neuroscience

During this module, you'll explore the rapidly expanding field of neuroscience, gaining insights into the experimental methods and techniques that are used here.

You'll learn about the fundamental physiological principles that enable the nervous system to function, before exploring the anatomy and physiology of the sensory and motor systems. Alongside understanding the mechanisms of sensation and movement, you'll begin to explore the brain's role in behaviour, cognition, and memory.

By the end of this module, you'll have a solid foundation in neuroscience, preparing you for further study in this exciting field.

20 credits

Mammalian molecular biosciences route - you will study:

A student will take Introduction to Physiology or Introduction to Neuroscience.

Introduction to Biochemistry

This module will teach you how a cell works at the molecular level, giving you a solid foundation of knowledge to build on throughout your course.

Your lectures will describe molecular structures, interactions within and between molecules, factors affecting reaction rates, and the specific measurements needed to understand these processes. You'll also learn about the fundamental signalling mechanisms that enable cells to sense their environment, trigger appropriate responses, and regulate metabolic pathways. We'll describe key metabolic reactions like the Krebs Cycle and electron transport chain, which generate the energy necessary for cellular function.

During laboratory sessions, you'll measure biochemical reactions and develop your experimental design and data analysis skills.

20 credits

Introduction to Physiology

This module will give you an understanding of the fundamental physiological processes that enable the human body to function.

You'll learn about the major cell types, tissues and organ systems that make up the human anatomy, and be able to explain examples of how diseases and drugs affect them. We'll also introduce you to the experimental methods and techniques used to study physiology.

By the end of the module, you'll have a thorough knowledge of how the human body functions, from cellular level to whole-body systems.

20 credits

Introduction to Neuroscience

During this module, you'll explore the rapidly expanding field of neuroscience, gaining insights into the experimental methods and techniques that are used here.

You'll learn about the fundamental physiological principles that enable the nervous system to function, before exploring the anatomy and physiology of the sensory and motor systems. Alongside understanding the mechanisms of sensation and movement, you'll begin to explore the brain's role in behaviour, cognition, and memory.

By the end of this module, you'll have a solid foundation in neuroscience, preparing you for further study in this exciting field.

20 credits

Molecular bioscience of animals and plants route - you will study:

Introduction to Biochemistry

This module will teach you how a cell works at the molecular level, giving you a solid foundation of knowledge to build on throughout your course.

Your lectures will describe molecular structures, interactions within and between molecules, factors affecting reaction rates, and the specific measurements needed to understand these processes. You'll also learn about the fundamental signalling mechanisms that enable cells to sense their environment, trigger appropriate responses, and regulate metabolic pathways. We'll describe key metabolic reactions like the Krebs Cycle and electron transport chain, which generate the energy necessary for cellular function.

During laboratory sessions, you'll measure biochemical reactions and develop your experimental design and data analysis skills.

20 credits

Form and Function of Living Organisms

This module will introduce you to the scientific study of whole organisms.

You'll explore the physiology, reproduction, and development of animals and plants. You'll learn how both genetic and environmental factors determine animal behaviour, and how those same factors contribute to form, function and diversity across life. You'll also investigate how animals and plants acquire and process energy, nutrients, and water, before examining asexual and sexual reproduction in a range of contexts.

20 credits

Core modules:

Skills in Biology II

This module develops students' appreciation of and aptitude in the scientific method, practical research skills, experimental design, information technology, data visualisation and analysis, critical evaluation, writing and presentation skills, and how science underpins innovative solutions to societal or commercial challenges. The module builds on skills developed in L1. In the autumn semester students will perform a small research project and have the opportunity to further develop their research skills in the spring semester. Students will develop skills in data visualisation and statistics with additional training and through reports on research projects. Students will develop their academic writing skills by preparing essays and lab reports and develop additional scientific communication, such as oral presentation and poster writing skills. This module develops employability skills via interview training, LinkedIn profile writing (or equivalent), and reflection on career choice and skill development.

30 credits

Skills in Molecular Biology II

This module develops students' appreciation of and aptitude in the scientific method, practical research skills, experimental design, information technology, data visualisation and analysis, critical evaluation, writing and presentation skills, and how science underpins innovative solutions to societal or commercial challenges. The module builds on skills developed in L1. In the autumn semester students will perform a small research project and have the opportunity to further develop their research skills in the spring semester. Students will develop skills in data visualisation and statistics with additional training and through reports on research projects. Students will develop their academic writing skills by preparing essays and lab reports and develop additional scientific communication, such as oral presentation and poster writing skills. This module develops employability skills via interview training, LinkedIn profile writing (or equivalent), and reflection on career choice and skill development.

30 credits

Optional modules:

A student will take a minimum of 0 credits and a maximum of 10 credits from this group.

Biological Field Skills

Field research is an essential component of the biological sciences. Students will work in one of the world's major ecosystem types for example the Arctic, Mediterranean or urban ecosystems. Students will explore the different habitats of the focal ecosystem, and learn how to: i) identify key elements of the flora and/or fauna, ii) conduct ecological studies giving appropriate consideration to ecological research methods and experimental design, including survey site selection, replication, and survey sampling approaches. Students will conduct a series of field exercises and mini-research projects with guidance from teaching staff.

10 credits

A student will take a minimum of 80 and a maximum of 90 credits from this group.

Students can also select 10 credits from Languages for All modules.

Invertebrates

This module will explore the major invertebrate phyla. It will discuss their structure and how this is related to function and way of life. The major invertebrate groups will be considered including the sponges, cnidarians, worms, molluscs, arthropods, echinoderms, hemichordates and invertebrate chordates. The unique features of each of the invertebrate groups will be examined, with the emphasis on evolutionary relationships, development, behaviour, ecology and natural history.

The module comprises lectures and self-directed practical tasks (in the the field and in the laboratory).  Students will create and maintain a detailed zoological field book and a lab book. The practical element of the module is designed to give students an opportunity to develop the knowledge and skills that will allow them to identify invertebrates, use a biological key and identify animals in the field as well as understand more about their physiology and behaviour.

20 credits

Genes, genomes and chromosomes

This module directly builds on material delivered in BIS121 and aims to provide a clear understanding of how genomes are organised within cells and how the expression of specific genes can be regulated. The topics covered in the module include experimental approaches to address the function of specific genes, mechanisms of regulated gene expression, DNA repair and recombination pathways, chromosome structure, genome sequencing technologies and the analysis of sequence data to study protein/DNA interactions, chromosome interactions and DNa methylation patterns .

20 credits

Biostructures, Energetics and Synthesis

This module aims to refresh students' understanding of the structures and functions of proteins and how free energy is made available (transduced) from reduced organic carbon compounds (catabolism) to generate ATP and NADPH for biosynthetic metabolism (anabolism). We begin by taking another look at key catabolic pathways in the cell including glycolysis, the Krebs cycle and mitochondrial electron transfer; before considering fatty acid β-oxidation and the pentose phosphate pathway.  We then explore how amino acids and nucleotides, the building blocks of life, are synthesised. This leads on to a study of the nature of biological membranes and the main functions of membranes in cells, including the transduction of energy, nerve transmission and signalling. We then focus on the structure and function of membrane proteins, highlighting their key role in transport of proteins, small molecules and ions across biological membranes. Finally, we come full circle highlighting how solar energy entering the biosphere is harvested by chlorophyll pigments and transferred to specialised reaction centres to initiate photosynthetic electron transfer. We show how photosynthesis converts solar energy into ATP and NADPH, utilising the same redox chemistry and chemiosmotic principles that underlie respiration, and then uses these metabolites to power the fixation of CO2 into reduced organic carbon compounds.

20 credits

Pharmacology

 Pharmacology is focused on advancing our understanding of what drugs do to living systems, and how their effects can be applied to therapeutics.  The module begins with a focus on fundamental principles underpinning drug action at the cellular level, including a detailed examination of the different types of drug receptor interactions and the quantitative methods used to assess them.  This will be followed by an introduction to pharmacokinetics and the factors that regulate drug concentration in the body.  Key considerations in drug discovery and the development of novel therapeutics for the treatment of human diseases will also be discussed, including examination of the safety assessments that must be carried out and different stages of clinical trials.  Theoretical lectures will be complemented with detailed descriptions of old and new anti-inflammatory drugs used to treat common ailments.  The module ends with an in-depth discussion of drugs used in the treatment of common disorders of the central nervous system, including depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, and epilepsy.  As well as traditional didactic lectures, active learning sessions will be employed to consolidate knowledge and understanding of key pharmacological principles.

10 credits

Conservation Principles and Realities

This module introduces students to conservation biology as a scientific but inter-disciplinary subject. Module content discusses conservation objectives, key tools, underlying concepts and principles, and approaches to devising management solutions to reduce adverse impacts of human activity on biodiversity. We use case studies and examples from a wide range of terrestrial and marine ecosystems in tropical and temperate environments, including the UK.  Teaching methods focus on lectures and interactive practical sessions.  Assessment is via a multiple choice exam 50% (to test breadth of knowledge across the module) and a coursework essay 50% (to test depth of knowledge).

20 credits

Evolutionary Biology

This module will provide insights into major concepts in evolutionary biology, illustrated with a wide range of examples that cut across taxa. The course will cover the origins of variation, adaptation, and natural selection, and discuss how various evolutionary forces affect the evolution of genes, genomes, populations and species. Through a mixture of lectures and practical classes students will learn about new technologies that are revolutionising our understanding of evolution, and will acquire skills in analysing genomes and phenotypes in order to identify the locus of selection.

This unit aims to provide students with the opportunity to develop an understanding of evolutionary concepts and an appreciation of evolution is crucial to our understanding of biology. This module will:- Provide an understanding of evolutionary concepts illustrated by appropriate and timely examples.- Show how an appreciation of evolutionary principles is crucial to our understanding of biology.- Demonstrate that evolutionary biology is an active area of research where data and argument support alternative interpretations. 

Teaching consists of lectures and interactive practical sessions. Assessment is via a multiple choice exam (to test breadth of knowledge across the module) and a coursework essay (to test depth of knowledge).

20 credits

Advanced Molecular Cell Biology

The aim of this module is to provide you with an in-depth understanding of some of the main concepts and problems in molecular cell biology. The module is also designed to emphasize the importance of this field to modern medicine. The module will explore  key areas in molecular cell biology including e.g. DNA repair, the cytoskeleton, cell communication, cell signalling and vesicular trafficking in cells. Sessions will incorporate aspects of primary experimental research, and introduce you to the research literature and how this informs our understanding. Topics will also be related to relevant diseases. Teaching will be provided through lectures and practicals. As well as traditional didactic lectures, active learning sessions will be employed to consolidate knowledge and understanding of principles.

20 credits

Developmental Neurobiology

How is the nervous system built and maintained so that it functions appropriately? This module will equip you with the ability to apply basic principles in developmental biology to nervous system assembly and maintenance. You will examine experimental evidence that reveals the principles underpinning development of the vertebrate nervous system. Emphasis will be placed on understanding core principles gained through analysis of model organisms, emphasising that mechanisms are evolutionarily conserved. You will see how these core principles underpin our ability to understand and manipulate the human nervous system, so that we are better able to understand degeneration and regeneration.

10 credits

Microbiology 2

This module introduces key concepts in bacterial physiology, genetics, virulence and therapeutics, building on the microbiology topics covered in earlier modules. Topics to be covered in the first half of the module will include aspects of bacterial growth and gene regulation, microbial biodiversity and cellular differentiation, and biotechnology. The module will then move on in the second half to consider both sides of the bacterium-host interaction and the consequences for human health. Using a selection of important human pathogens as examples, the bacterial strategies and virulence factors that contribute to disease will be introduced. The human immune response and the potential of vaccination to protect against disease will then be examined. The targets, mode of action and potential resistance mechanisms of a range of current and potential antimicrobial agents will then be considered. The module will provide opportunities throughout to develop the ability to analyse and interpret microbiological data.

20 credits

Genetics 2

This module builds upon the introduction to genetics provided by Genetics 1.  A range of eukaryotic genetic systems will be considered, including humans and a number of model organisms, ranging from yeasts to Drosophila melanogaster, Caenorhabditis elegans,

Arabidopsis thaliana and Mus musculus. Topics to be covered include methods for isolating and genetically analysing mutants with specific phenotypes, genetic mapping, extranuclear inheritance, human diseases associated with chromosome abnormalities, ethical  considerations associated with genome editing, developmental genetics and genome integrity. Interactive teaching sessions give students opportunities to apply concepts introduced in the lectures to numerical and ethical problems.

20 credits

Population and Community Ecology

This module provides an overview of the core theory and principles of population and community ecology. It focuses on essential concepts that underpin estimating when populations will grow or decline, how species coexist, what processes drive biodiversity patterns and how species link to ecosystem function. Students move from understanding factors that influence the growth of populations, to those that determine the composition, stability, resilience and structure of ecological communities and their functions. The course covers a range of processes and species interactions such as density dependence, competition, predation and mutualisms and more applied concepts including how we measure functional versus species diversity, the structure and dynamics of food webs and tropical diversity. The module is delivered via lectures, two assessed computing practicals, two un-assessed computing practicals and four directed discussions of papers central to community ecology.

20 credits

Biochemistry 2

This module provides an advanced treatment of the biochemical topics introduced in earlier modules, to provide a deep understanding of the underlying chemical principles and molecular interactions governing life in cells. The module begins with a review of the chemical transformations and molecular interactions governing enzyme function. We then study a number of enzyme examples to illustrate common themes arising in enzyme specificity, types of reaction mechanisms and the relationship between protein structure and function. This leads on to study practical methods to experimentally measure enzyme activity. We then take a detailed look at the fundamentals of enzyme and ligand binding kinetics underlying unimolecular and bimolecular irreversible and reversible reactions. We then turn our focus to small molecule drug development, showing how the principles learned earlier in the module can be applied to develop protein or enzyme inhibitors for therapeutic use. The final part of the module develops an understanding of the ways in which kinetic parameters can be used to study reaction mechanisms and how inhibitors and mutants can modulate the activity of enzymes. We also study aspects of protein and enzyme function in practical classes. Overall, the module aims to give students the knowledge required to analyse and interpret biochemical data, plan appropriate experimental assays and to make pre

20 credits

Behavioural Ecology

This module will introduce behavioural ecology through lectures and a Student Centred Learning Exercise (SCLE). The focus will be on answering questions in behavioural ecology, through testing hypotheses about the adaptive significance of behaviours. The main areas studied will be foraging, reproductive behaviour, mating systems, cooperative breeding and communication. The course will also introduce the use of theory and mathematical modelling (game theory and optimisation modelling). This will involve simple mathematics and the analysis of simple figures and tables showing the costs and benefits of behaviours. The SCLE is based on short research papers on behavioural ecology.

10 credits

Vertebrates

This module will explore the major vertebrate phyla. It will discuss their structure and how this is related to function and way of life. The major vertebrate groups will be considered including the fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. The unique features of each group will be examined, with the emphasis on evolutionary relationships, development, behaviour, ecology and natural history.The module comprises lectures and practical tasks (in the Alfred Denny Museum and in the field).  Students will also create and maintain a detailed zoological notebook. The practical element of the module is designed to give students an opportunity to develop the knowledge and skills that will allow them to assign vertebrates to major taxa, identify animals in the field and observe their behaviour.

20 credits

Physiology of Cells and Systems

This module covers advanced physiological concepts of cells and systems, building on the physiology covered in the first year.  The module starts by reviewing the basic cellular physiology that is critical for the normal function of all cells.  These key aspects are then revisited, looking at a range of specific systems within the body.  Systems are reviewed from the molecular level up to whole body physiology, with an emphasis on the physiology and pathophysiology of ion channels and transport proteins.  Advanced physiology of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems is covered, along with a number of pathophysiological conditions, such as cystic fibrosis, asthma, hypertension, sudden cardiac death and acid base balance disturbances.  The module then reviews the advanced physiology of the nervous and muscular systems, looking at myotonia, ataxia, epilepsy and myasthenia gravis. You will also study the pharmacological approaches used to treat a range of different diseases.  Experimental evidence presented in lectures will show you how research approaches can be used to help inform our understanding of disease.  The module uses an active learning approach, with interactive classes aimed at consolidating your knowledge and understanding, and developing your skills in problem solving and critical analysis, together with lectures, and practical classes to provide key content and additional skills development in physiology. 

The module aims to: 1. Provide students with a knowledge of key aspects of cellular physiology.2. Examine advanced systems physiology and pathophysiology, showing the impact of molecular and cellular changes. 3. Review pharmacological treatments of disease. 4. Provide opportunities to develop skills in critical analysis, experimental design and problem solving.  

20 credits

Advanced Developmental Biology

This module will introduce students to some of the key principles that underpin the formation of a complex multicellular embryo from a single cell, with a particular emphasis on the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the production of different cell types and their organization into functional organs. Students will learn about conservation, reiteration and diversification of developmental processes during evolution, and the relevance of animal model studies to gaining an understanding of human development and to recent advances in medicine. Teaching will be provided through a combination of lectures and laboratory classes. As well as traditional didactic lectures, active learning sessions will be employed to consolidate knowledge and understanding of principles.

20 credits

Philosophy and Ethics of Bioscience

As biological research tackles the many global challenges that confront us today, society and bioscientists are faced with increasingly complex ethical issues.  This course will explore a series of current high profile ethical issues in areas such as medicine, agriculture, industry and the environment. In each case ethical concepts will be examined and discussed in the context of the right to privacy, ownership, current regulation and the public understanding of science.  This will be underpinned by relevant historical and philosophical considerations.

The module comprises lectures, discussions and the writing of blog posts. The latter will be assessed.

10 credits

Ecosystems and Sustainability in a Changing World

Human impacts on the world's ecosystems are profound and without precedent in Earth's history. The urgent need to understand the impacts of anthropogenic climate change, land-use change and overexploitation has meant that ecosystem science has become one of the most important biological disciplines. Knowledge developed within this discipline has also become vital for devising strategies in sustainable agriculture. This module will build on the L1 module 'Climate change and sustainability' by exploring human impacts on marine and terrestrial ecosystems, and their feedback on climate change, including those in agricultural ecosystems. It will cover the world's and the UK's major ecosystems, considering fundamental processes operating in the present and the past. In doing so, it will consider the interacting roles of energy, carbon cycling, climate, soils, nutrients, fire and biodiversity. Teaching methods include lectures, alongside a field excursion and interactive practical sessions that develop skills in the ecological analysis of plants and soils, and will reinforce some of the key concepts taught in lectures.

20 credits

Palaeobiology

The task of palaeobiology is to provide greater integration between palaeontology and biology. This course examines recent developments in the field of palaeobiology, and demonstrates how fossils are used to generate testable theories about pattern in the history of life. This course will begin with 9 lectures outlining modern concepts in palaeobiology, and demonstrated using examples from all aspect of palaeontology, but concentrating on dinosaur palaeobiology. These same principles will then be explored using human evolution as a case study (6 lectures).

10 credits

Biology of Stem Cells, Ageing and Cancer

This module will allow you to gain in-depth knowledge and understanding of the processes that govern stem cell biology, ageing and cancer. Emphasis will be placed on key concepts linking stem cells, embryonic development and the maintenance/growth of adult body systems. Furthermore, you will gain knowledge of the biological basis of cancer, deepening your understanding on the mechanisms that drive tumour formation.

10 credits

Neural circuits, behaviour and memory

This module aims to provide you with a broad understanding of neuroscience. You will cover areas such as neurophysiology, molecular biology, model organisms and simple behaviours. The topics covered will add to your knowledge and understanding from first year, putting in place a more advanced understanding of the concepts needed to support the more complex topics concerning higher brain function, behaviour, biological psychiatry and neurodegenerative disease.

10 credits

Core module:

Literature Review

In this module students will consolidate the skills and knowledge they have gained in earlier levels of study.  They will work individually, guided by a member of staff, to identify a key biological question and will address this through a comprehensive literature review.  Students will synthesise information to explore the current state of knowledge, critically evaluate areas of uncertainty and debate, and suggest ways that the field may progress in the future.  They will present their findings in the format of a review paper.

20 credits

Research Project

In this module students will consolidate the skills and knowledge they have gained in earlier levels of study and apply these during a capstone research experience. A range of project types will be available, including laboratory-based, field-based, bioinformatics, computer modelling, education, and science communication. Students will work in groups, guided by a member of staff, to plan a research project, assess health, safety and ethical considerations, undertake the research, and analyse the data. Students will then work individually on interpreting, evaluating and communicating their findings  via a formal report written in the style of a research publication.

30 credits

Optional modules:

A student will take up to 20 credits from this group.

Biological Laboratory Research

Molecular biology and genomics underpin many branches of biology in the 21st century. Diverse methods can be used to address a variety of questions. The aim of this module is to give students hands on experience with using a number of basic molecular biology protocols and/or genomics techniques to test specific hypotheses. The module will be delivered primarily as an intensive one week long laboratory/IT course with assessment in the form of student engagement (evidenced partly through a lab book and/or computational scripts), a group presentation and a report written in the style of a scientific paper.

20 credits

Biological Field Research

Field research is an essential component of the biological sciences. The module starts prior to entering the field, with students considering risk assessments and preparing talks on the concepts to be studied. Students will then enter one of a range of environments, which may include inter alia the Peak District, North Wales, Portugal or Borneo. Following a period of familiarisation with the habitat and wildlife, students will identify a biological question, design a field research study, collect observational data, design and carry out experiments, analyse data and present their findings in a series of talks. On returning from the field, students will develop their writing and analytical skills and prepare a report on their field projects. The module will develop skills in specific areas of the biological sciences, such as tropical ecology and conservation, behavioural ecology, population and community ecology, and coastal and marine ecology.

20 credits

A student will take a minimum of 50 and a maximum of 70 credits from this group, subject to prerequisites.

Conservation Issues and Management

This module will provide the opportunity for students to develop: (i) their knowledge of topical issues in conservation; (ii) their ability to identify potential solutions to real-world conservation problems and assess the likely effectiveness of these; (iii) their skills in accessing, interpreting, and synthesising the primary scientific literature in the field of conservation; and (iv) their ability to think independently. This will be achieved by introducing students, through lectures and independent reading, to a range of topical issues in conservation science, by showing how research can inform understanding of these issues and how applied measures can mitigate these conservation problems. Students will then apply their learning by developing an essay spanning conservation problems and cutting-edge solutions. This is a lecture-based teaching module assessed by an exam essay.

10 credits

Microbial Genomics and Diversity

Microbial life is of critical importance in human health and disease, in the function of ecosystems and in biotechnology. In this module we will discuss how DNA sequencing and other molecular methods have provided insight into the structure, function and diversity of microbial communities across Earth's environments, underpinned by the varying nature of microbial genomes. Topics include the use of sequencing to identify and characterise unculturable microorganisms (also referred to as 'microbial dark matter'), the dynamic microbial populations of marine and soil environments, horizontal gene transfer and mobile genetic elements. We will also cover the use of genomics to track the spread and evolution of pathogens including Escherichia coli, HIV, Ebola, SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), Clostridiodes difficile (C. diff) and Streptococcus pyogenes (Strep A).

10 credits

Evolution of Terrestrial Ecosystems

This module examines the evolution of terrestrial ecosystems, from the invasion of the land by plants and animals in the Ordovician (475 million years ago) up to the present day. All of the major events will be covered: the origin of land plants; the invasion of the land by invertebrate animals (worms, insects, etc); the first forests; the origin of amphibians, reptiles, mammals and birds; beginnings of phytogeographical differentiation; origin of the flowering plants etc. Throughout the course the evolution of terrestrial ecosystems will be considered in light of: (i) the interrelationships between global change and evolving terrestrial ecosystems; (ii) plant-fungal-animal interactions and coevolution.

10 credits

Evolutionary Ecology

This module will provide insights into major concepts in evolutionary ecology, illustrated with a wide range of examples that cut across taxa. The course will explore the interplay between ecology and evolution with emphasis on the role of ecology in driving phenotypic evolution and divergence on the tree of life, and on the role of evolutionary history as a constraint on species ecology. The module will cover the ecology of adaptive radiations, correlated evolution of species traits, interspecific interactions as drivers of and constraints on biodiversity, and the evolutionary ecology of species communities. Through lectures and in-lecture exercises, students will learn about the range of cutting-edge methods used by evolutionary ecologists to understand phenotypic and species diversity, often through a phylogenetic, or 'tree-thinking' perspective.

This unit aims to provide students with the opportunity to develop an understanding of key concepts in evolutionary ecology and an appreciation of the theory that nothing in evolution and ecology makes sense except in the light of each other. This module will:

Provide an understanding of evolutionary ecology theory illustrated by appropriate and timely examples.

Show how an appreciation of evolutionary ecology is crucial to our understanding of the origins and maintenance of biodiversity.

Demonstrate that evolutionary ecology is an active area of research where data and argument support alternative interpretations. 

Teaching consists of lectures including interactive workshop sessions. Assessment is via an exam essay to test breadth and depth of knowledge and the ability to synthesise ideas across the module.

10 credits

Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems

This module highlights the threats to global sustainability, with a particular focus on food production and ecosystem functioning, being caused by human impacts on the environment. The module considers how we have got into the present unsustainable mess: of poor land and natural resource management, under valuing of farmers, life-threatening soil degradation causing flooding, pollution of fresh water and soil insecurity, as well as large numbers of people overconsuming and wasting food whilst others don't have enough. It shows that how we sustainably manage agro-ecosystems now, and in the immediate future, will determine the fate of humanity. Soils are the foundations of terrestrial ecosystems, food and biofuel production, but are amongst the most badly abused and damaged components of the ecosphere. Climate change, agricultural intensification, biofuels and unsustainable use of fertilizers and fossil fuels pose critical threats to global food production and sustainable agro-ecosystems - and their impacts on soil ecosystems are central to these threats. The module considers soil ecosystems function in nature and the lessons that we can then apply to develop more sustainable agriculture and ecosystem management.

10 credits

Membrane Receptors

The module will examine the main families of integral membrane proteins that act as surface receptors to sense the extracellular environment and signal this information to produce changes in cell function. Specific emphasis is placed on receptors which are therapeutic targets for the treatment of common human diseases, including allergy and chronic inflammatory diseases, cancer and cardiovascular diseases and neurological disorders. This module explores the latest concepts and ideas in our understanding of the molecular structure and signalling underpinning membrane receptor function, the experimental approaches used to gain this understanding and ultimately how this knowledge may be used to develop novel therapeutics for the treatment of disease. The module is taught by research active academics with a wide spectrum of experience in this field. We will base our teaching around current research and hope you find the material interesting and enjoyable.

10 credits

Molecular Physiology of Ion Channels and Human Disease

The module will start with an overview of the different ion channel families found in electrically excitable cells, before moving on to their biophysical properties and inhibition by drugs used in medical research. The majority of the module will then focus on the physiological role of ion channels in these cells, examining a number of tissues such as muscle and the nervous system. In this systems based approach students will learn about the molecular physiology of a variety of different ion channels, including Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl- and cation channels. The importance of ion channels in physiological function is highlighted by channelopathies, diseases associated with ion channel mutations. This module will therefore also concentrate on the role of ion channels in a number of these diseases, such as myotonia and long QT syndrome. The emphasis throughout will be to appreciate how experimental research informs our understanding of ion channel physiology, reflecting the University's mission statement to lead teaching by current research. 

10 credits

Modelling Human Disease and Dysfunction

The module will provide students with an understanding of how post-genomic developmental biology impacts on our ability to understand, and treat, chronic disease/dysfunction of the body. Students will be introduced to major experimental systems and approaches that are pertinent to disease modelling. These include genetically-tractable animal model and in vitro cellular systems (including stem cells). We will explore the principles involved in how these systems are exploited to develop new strategies for intervention, including new therapeutics. Critical evaluation of research papers will allow students to gain experience of analysing experimental work, data presentation and interpretation of results.

10 credits

Epithelial Physiology in Health and Disease

This module examines the physiology and pathophysiology of epithelia, drawing on research to evidence how changes in the transport of ions and solutes leads to disease.  The majority of the module will focus on a detailed investigation of the molecular basis of epithelial ion secretion and absorption, examining diseases such as cystic fibrosis, and the impact of infections such as influenza and SARS-CoV-2.  Particular emphasis will be placed throughout these lectures on respiratory epithelial cells, although other epithelia will also be discussed. In addition, the controversial problem of water transport will be examined. This will include the importance of transepithelial transport routes and specific membrane transport proteins such as aquaporins and proposed water co-transporters and the role these proteins play in the movement of gases across cell membranes. The emphasis throughout will be to appreciate how experimental research informs our understanding of these issues, reflecting the university's mission statement to lead teaching by current research.

10 credits

Membrane Dynamics in Health and Disease

Many diseases arise from defects in core machinery associated with cell membrane dynamics.  The aim of this module is to understand fundamental aspects of membrane dynamics including endocytosis, constitutive and regulated secretion and autophagy.  Using specific diseases as exemplars, we will explore how defects in membrane dynamics at the cellular levels have profound effects on the whole organism. Emphasis will be placed on the experimental evidence that underpins our current models of cell dynamics in health and disease. Informal journal club presentations describing seminal discoveries will be a key component of the module.

10 credits

Neurodevelopment and Behaviour

This course examines the mechanisms that underlie development of the nervous system during embryogenesis. Examples will be described from a variety of model organisms to introduce key steps in the establishment of the CNS and PNS, steps that include neural induction, neural patterning, early segregation of CNS and PNS, the establishment and refinement of connectivity in the nervous system. Recent research from teachers of this course, and from both the classical and current literature is used to analyse and evaluate theories and mechanisms of establishment of the functional nervous system.

10 credits

Stem Cell Biology

This unit aims to provide students with an in-depth account of stem cell biology and their application to regenerative medicine. Special reference will be made to the molecular and genetic control of cell fate specification and differentiation. Consideration will be given to existing and potential clinical use of stem cells and their derivatives, and the ethical issues that these raise. As this is a rapidly developing field, strong emphasis will be placed on understanding the current controversies in the literature. Teaching and learning will be by lectures and tutorials and will be supported by web-based materials. Students will be expected to demonstrate a critical appreciation of the current literature, its controversies and key concepts

10 credits

The world of RNA

This module will analyse the vital roles that RNA plays in the life of a cell and how RNA is increasingly used as a tool to understand biology. The module will cover the following 'cutting edge' research topics: RNA interference, CRISPR Genome Editing, non-coding RNAs, together with the latest work on well known RNA based activities. These include transcription, RNA splicing, RNA stability, RNA export and translation and how all these processes are coupled in the cell to ensure efficient, quality-controlled gene expression. The module aims to present the latest innovations and discoveries in the RNA world and their application.

10 credits

Clinical Genomics of Cancer and Rare Genetic Diseases

This module will address the ways in which genetic factors influence our lifetime health. The module will focus on classic examples of leukaemia, lymphoma, solid tumours, rare inherited diseases and those commonly identified in prenatal diagnostic studies using real patient scenarios.  The molecular and cytogenetic technologies and the underlying clinical diagnostic strategies will be discussed to provide students with a thorough understanding of clinical genomic diagnostics across the breadth of human acquired and inherited diseases. This module will be delivered by a combination of academic staff from the university, and clinical geneticists from the NHS.

10 credits

Human genomics, proteomics and genome biology

A top-down approach to biology, simultaneously investigating the structure and function of the entire genome and its products, both contrasts with and complements the traditional gene-by-gene approach, allowing us a birds-eye view. In this module, we cover genome-wide approaches to studying the genetic causes and diagnosis of complex and polygenetic human disease. We then discuss how methods such as RNA-seq, ChIP-seq and 4C can be used to investigate the genome-wide transcriptional profile, the chromatin landscape and the three-dimensional structure of the genome. Finally we describe the use of technologies such as mass spectrometry to investigate the complete proteome of a cell. The module builds on the material from the level 2 module Genes, Genomes and Chromosomes, to illustrate how cutting-edge genomic and proteomic methods can be used to address fundamental biological questions.

10 credits

Genetic and Epigenetic Regulation of Development

Multicellular organisms develop from a single zygote and in the case of humans, culminates in a mature human body consisting of over a trillion cells and around 200 different cell types. This module will examine the developmental mechanisms and genes that regulate pattern formation and cell identity in multicellular eukaryotes. We will focus on the role of key genes in the regulation of different developmental processes and the mechanisms that determine the correct temporal and spatial expression of these genes. We will illustrate these principles using examples from model organisms such as Mus Musculus, Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster and Arabidopsis thaliana. These systems have significantly informed our understanding of human disease but also demonstrate the different mechanisms through which cell fate and complexity are controlled.

10 credits

Biochemistry Data Handling

The module aims to develop problem solving, interpretative and numerical skills by the study of deductive questions drawn from the broad area of biochemistry. Students will gain experience in the handling, analysis, interpretation and evaluation of published biochemical data of different types.

10 credits

Genetics Data Handling

The module aims to develop interpretative skills by the study of deductive questions drawn from the broad area of molecular genetics and cell biology. Students will gain experience in the analysis, interpretation and evaluation of published data of different types through a directed programme of reading, discussion and question answering. The module also contains an element that develops the skills required by the students to write on a broad topic drawn from across all their areas of study.

10 credits

Microbiology Data Handling

The module aims to develop problem solving, interpretative and numerical skills by the study of deductive questions drawn from the broad area of microbiology, including gene regulation, microbial physiology and pathogenicity. Students will gain experience in reading scientific papers and in the handling, analysis, interpretation and evaluation of microbiological data of different types. The module also contains an element that develops the skills required by the students to write on a broad topic drawn from across all their areas of study

10 credits

Membrane Protein Structure and Function

The aim of this module is to impart a thorough understanding of the structure and function of membrane proteins. A major theme is the structural basis of energy transduction in membranes. Membrane protein complexes mediate the transfer of excitation energy, electrons and protons upon which all life depends. They also control the entry and exit of proteins, ions, nutrients, drugs and antibiotics from cells and the transfer of signals across membranes. We will examine membrane proteins involved in energy harvesting such as respiration and photosynthesis. The principles underlying the efficiency of energy transduction and redox chemistry taking place in these complexes will be covered. We will look at how harvested energy is coupled to movement of molecules ions and signals across membranes. The role of structure in determining specificity and directionality in vital transport process and signalling will be emphasised.

10 credits

Molecular Immunology

This module explores the mechanisms that higher organisms use to defend themselves against infectious disease. The course considers the relationship between innate immunity (the first line of defence) and adaptive immunity, which can evolve throughout a lifetime to specifically recognise and remember different pathogens. The functions of the various cells and molecules that constitute the immune system are discussed and the genetic mechanisms that contribute to immunological diversity and specificity are examined. Topics include the roles of cytokines, T cell subsets and the structure/function relationship of the different antibody classes. The module also includes an overview of current techniques that exploit or manipulate the immune response for the prevention and treatment of disease e.g. through the development of therapeutic antibodies and the design of new vaccines.

10 credits

Pharmacology of Respiratory Disease

Using the respiratory system as the focus, this module aims to further the students understanding of how the body defends itself from the ever-present threat of pathogenic attack; in particular what happens when the host fails in its defence and succumbs to respiratory disease, and the pharmacological strategies that can be employed in an attempt to restore homeostasis and a return to health.

10 credits

Human Planet

This course examines the historical, social, cultural and political dimensions of sustainability, focusing on food production and natural resource management on the land and in the oceans. Students will learn how key historical developments led to sustainability issues, how geopolitics perpetuates these in the modern world, and how an understanding of these issues can help us to develop more sustainable ways to live in future. Learning will be achieved through lectures and videos, independent study and classroom discussion sessions.

10 credits

Topics in Evolutionary Genetics

This course aims to provide the opportunity for students to develop (i) their knowledge of current leading-edge research areas in evolutionary genetics and (ii) their skills in accessing, interpreting and synthesising the primary scientific literature in this field. This will be achieved by examining three areas of current research activity in evolutionary genetics though detailed analysis of the questions, methods and interpretations in groups of recent publications.

10 credits

Human Evolutionary Genetics

This module will provide students with an understanding of how genomics has shaped our understanding of the evolution of modern humans. This will be achieved through lectures and independent reading. Topics covered will include: the evolution of modern humans; the history of how humans colonised the world; how the Neanderthal genome has revealed hybridisation between Homo sapiens and Neanderthal man; how human genomes can tell us about the history and causes of modern genetic disorders; how our genomes reveal past episodes of selection; and how life history theory is used to study natural selection and evolution in pre-industrial humans.

10 credits

Future Plants: From Laboratory to Field

This module explores current research themes in plant biology, examining how fundamental plant science, often using model organisms, can be translated into real-world applications. The course will highlight different research areas encompassing plant development and productivity, responses to environmental stresses and interactions with other organisms (beneficial or pests and diseases). Students will be introduced to the science that underpins these processes in plants and how this knowledge can be exploited to address problems such as food security, sustainability and environmental change.

10 credits

Cooperation and Conflict

This module aims to provide the opportunity for students to develop (i) their knowledge of cutting-edge research in behavioural ecology, (ii) their skills in understanding and interpreting the primary scientific literature in this field and (iii) their ability to think independently and synthesise information. This will be achieved by introducing students to a range of issues and topics of central theoretical importance in the field of behavioural ecology and by showing how a combination of observation, and field and laboratory
experimentation can be used to test hypotheses originating from theory. Specifically, the characteristics and implications of cooperation and conflict among animals will be studied in a variety of contexts.

10 credits

Topics in Modern Ecology

This module provides students with the opportunity to develop their knowledge of topical issues in modern ecology. Students will be introduced, through lectures, independent reading, discussion and problem solving to a core set of topical questions in pure and/or applied ecology, and they will explore how data and theory combine to inform our understanding of these topics. Students will apply their learning by developing and critically evaluating research or management proposals that will address for specific real world ecological questions and problems.

10 credits

Topics in Modern Zoology

This module provides students with the opportunity to develop their knowledge of topical issues in modern zoology and their skills in accessing, interpreting and synthesising the primary scientific literature in this field. Students will be introduced, through lectures, independent reading, and group discussion, to a core set of topical questions, and they will explore how theory and data combine to inform our understanding of these topics. The skills developed will then be assessed through a written critical analysis of recent research on one of the core topics.

10 credits

Sensory Neuroscience

This module covers the adult function and functional development of the auditory system, including sensory transduction and information processing. It will focus primarily on the periphery but will include representation of information in central pathways, with attention to mammalian animal models. The aims will be to show how physiological and developmental mechanisms combine to create the exquisite structural and functional tuning of the auditory system to the external world and how complex sensory information is encoded in the nervous system.

10 credits

Principles of Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering

This unit will provide students with an overview of the multidisciplinary concepts underpinning regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. Through detailed examples of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering strategies for replacing specific organs and tissues, students will be introduced to the key steps of the regenerative medicine and tissue engineering process from bench to bedside. The course will present topical research in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering and enable students to critically assess the current limitations and potential applications of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering for medical applications, drug discovery and food manufacturing.The unit will provide an overview of the central topics of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering, including cell sourcing, biomaterial properties and design, and cell-material interactions. Particular emphasis will be given to the recent cutting-edge examples of applying regenerative medicine and tissue engineering to restore function of various organ systems.

10 credits

Cancer Biology

The unit will provide a description of the nature of genomic complexity as revealed using next generation sequencing technology. It will explore cancer genotypes and phenotypes in the context of 8 essential characteristics that are common to all cancers, and which collectively dictate malignant growth. These characteristics are : self-sufficiency in growth signals, insensitivity to growth-inhibitory signals, evasion of programmed cell death, limitless replicative potential, sustained angiogenesis, tissue invasion/metastasis, avoidance of immune destruction, and de-regulated cellular energetics. It will discuss how genome instability arises, and together with tumour-promoting inflammation, how these enable the emergence of all other cancer characteristics. It will utilize this conceptual framework to discuss recent and future developments in cancer therapeutics. A brief review of fundamental principles in genetics and molecular cell biology will be given. Nevertheless, students should have a basic understanding of genetics, molecular biology and cell biology

10 credits

Protein Folding and Misfolding in Disease

This module examines the mechanisms employed by proteins to adopt unique functional folds and explores the causes and consequences of mis-folding, with a particular reference to neurodegenerative disease, including Alzheimer's and prion diseases.

Students will have an opportunity to acquire knowledge and understanding of the following: methods used to study the assembly of protein complexes; folding of molecules: background thermodynamics; folding pathways; investigating intermediates; kinetic labelling; mutagenesis; modules of folding; the role of disulphide bonds. Protein mis-assembly: off-pathway species, aggregation, amyloids. Control of protein folding and mis-folding in vivo: the concept of proteostasis, the UPR or unfolded protein response, the role of chaperones and disaggregases and the mechanisms for recognition of unfolded protein. Therapeutic development in neurodegeneration: the amyloid cascade hypothesis and the targeting of amyloid formation.

10 credits

Genome Stability and Genetic Change

The module examines in detail the mechanisms that maintain genome integrity and generate genetic variation, both of which are essential to eukaryotic life. The lectures illustrate how the prevention and creation of changes in DNA make use of the same biochemical machinery. The main emphasis is on eukaryotes; reference is made to prokaryotes mainly as an aid to understanding the importance of conserved processes. Mechanisms studied in detail include single-strand break repair, protein-linked DNA break repair, homologous and non-homologous recombination, avoidance of replication errors, mismatch repair, excision repair and mutagenesis. Throughout the module experimental detail is included to illustrate how conclusions on gene function and interactions have been determined.

10 credits

Bacterial Pathogenicity

Infectious diseases account for the majority of deaths worldwide. This will continue to be the case until we have a greater understanding of the mechanisms of microbial pathogenesis. This course builds on the principles introduced in level 2 microbiology and begins by showing how molecular genetic approaches are being used to unravel the complexities of microbial virulence. Following an introduction to the regulation of virulence genes, the pathogenic mechanisms of selected bacterial pathogens are explored in detail, demonstrating the involvement of multiple virulence determinants and their genetic regulation in the disease process. Mechanisms by which toxins deregulate or kill host cells will be explored. Virulence mechanisms that represent common themes in bacterial pathogenesis will be highlighted. The appearance of antibiotic resistant strains and strategies adopted to tackle this problem will also be considered.

10 credits

Human Reproduction and Fertility

This module will address some of the processes underlying human fertility: that is, hormonal regulation of the reproductive systems, gametogenesis and fertilisation. The module will then consider methods of contraception, reasons for infertility, and issues relating to the assisted reproductive technologies. Finally, the importance of genetic imprinting will be discussed, together with a consideration of the impact of failures in imprinting.

10 credits

Topics in Environmental Microbiology

This module aims to provide the opportunity for students to develop (i) their knowledge of current leading-edge research areas in environmental microbiology and (ii) their skills in accessing, interpreting, and synthesising the primary scientific literature in this field. This will be achieved by examining three areas of current research activity in environmental microbiology though detailed analysis of the questions, methods and interpretations in groups of recent publications.

10 credits

The Kidney in Health and Disease

The module examines the physiology and pathophysiology of the renal system, drawing on research to evidence how changes in the transport of ions, solutes and water leads to disease. We will evaluate the process of filtration and formation of urine, with a focus on the molecular mechanisms that underpin these.  Areas covered will include the glomerulus, inherited and acquired sodium handling conditions (including the impact of cytokines and SARS-CoV-2), and urea and water transport pathophysiology. The emphasis throughout will be to evaluate how experimental research informs our understanding of renal physiology and pathophysiology, developing student skills in problem solving and critical analysis.  

10 credits

Cardiovascular Pharmacology: personalising medicine

This module aims to describe all aspects of modern cardiovascular pharmacology to enable the student to understand how and why medical treatments for cardiovascular disease are becoming increasingly personalised. Drugs that influence the function of the heart, blood vessels and blood cells in cardiovascular disease states and their interactions in humans will be discussed. New approaches to the multimodal treatment of heart disease will be explained. Formative assessment will be by an on-line quiz; summative assessment will be by an extended coursework essay from a choice of up to 3 with emphasis upon contemporary pharmacological themes in cardiovascular medicine.

10 credits

Biological Basis of Brain Disease 1: Neurodegeneration

The module will examine recent and current research into human neurodegenerative disease including Huntington's, Parkinson's, Alzheimer's and motor neuron disease. In addition, reference may be made to the spongiform encephalopathies, frontal dementias and Lewy body disease, with emphasis on their inter-relationships and commonalities. The genetic and non-genetic aetiological influences, defining pathology and pathophysiology and current understanding of the underlying biology will be examined by a detailed consideration of current research in these areas. The module will also include discussion of the prevention and treatment of the diseases, highlighting possible therapies which may be useful in several pathologies.

10 credits