Ecology and Conservation Biology MBiolSci

Core modules:

Climate Change and Sustainability

This course introduces the core scientific issues required to understand climate change and sustainability. Students will learn the causes of climate change, its impacts in natural and agricultural ecosystems, the influence of biogeochemical cycles in these ecosystems on climate, and strategies for sustainably managing ecosystems in future. Learning will be achieved via lectures and videos, practicals and independent study.

20 credits

Ecology and Conservation

This module is an introduction to the principles of ecology and conservation. It covers ecological concepts about the factors controlling the abundance and distribution of species, coexistence and biodiversity at multiple geographic scales. It combines this with key ideas from tropical and marine communities about conserving populations, communities and habitats. The module includes lectures, a lab practical, an introduction to mathematical modelling in conservation biology and a field trip to Potteric Carr, a Yorkshire Wildlife Trust reserve where you'll put into practice by collecting data to test some of the ideas you've learned in class.

20 credits

Skills in Biology

The Skills for Biology module introduces students to the fundamentals of scientific practice: lab practical skills, experimental design, information technology, data visualisation and analysis, writing and presentation skills, skills reflection, professionalism and career development.

30 credits

Ecological identification skills

This module is aimed at providing an initial training in the identification and research skills needed for ecological fieldwork. It involves a structured prgramme of online identification and research assignments over the academic year, with practical examination at the end of the semester. The course will develop familiarity with using identification guides, with a range of plant and invertebrate groups and the ecological issues associated with them. It will prepare students for fieldcourses and other practical work.

10 credits

Optional modules:

Zoology

This course is an introduction to the scientific study of animals. Students will explore the wonders of the animal kingdom through investigations of the physiology, reproduction, development, form and function of a wide diversity of both invertebrates and vertebrates. Students will learn through lectures and videos, practicals and independent study.

20 credits

Plant Science

This course is an introduction to the scientific study of plants and associated organisms. Students will explore plant origin, diversity, form, reproduction and development, photosynthesis, nutrient and water acquisition, as well as interactions with symbiotic and pathogenic microbes. Students will learn through lectures and videos, practicals and independent study.

20 credits

Animal Behaviour

This unit will provide an introduction to behaviour, focussing on the four fundamental questions: (i) the evolution of behaviour; (ii) the function of behaviour, (iii) the ontogeny of behaviour and (iv) the causation (or mechanisms) of behaviour. The course will introduce the major concepts and information on specific topics, including sexual behaviour, foraging behaviour and social behaviour in humans and non-humans. A central theme will be the extent to which animal behaviour can inform us about human behaviour and in particular the similarities and differences between the evolutionary approach to animal behaviour and evolutionary psychology.

10 credits

Introductory Developmental, Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology

This module aims to provide students with a general introduction to Developmental, Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology. The approach will be concept-based, with an emphasis on the importance of techniques and the interpretation of experimental data. Topics covered include life cycles of the main animal model systems, how cell differences are generated during development, the basic principles of regenerative biology and wound healing as well as stem cell biology. Teaching will take place in a formal lecture environment, supplemented by online tutorials. Assessment will be by formal examination.

10 credits

Fundamental Maths for Bioscientists

Proficiency in basic calculations is essential for all scientists. In this module, designed for first-year students in the School of Biosciences who have not studied maths to A-level or equivalent, we will develop the mathematical skills needed to excel as a biologist. Using video tutorials, worksheets, and in-person workshop sessions, students will have the opportunity to build their skills and confidence and develop strategies to tackle complex calculations. Topics covered include arithmetic; concentrations, dilutions and molarity; logarithms; equations and functions; graphical representation of data and descriptive statistics; and probability. 

10 credits

Biochemistry 1

This module provides a broad introduction to Biochemistry and examines the molecules that carry out and control all the chemical reactions in biological cells. The basic chemical concepts underlying the structures, functions and mechanisms of action of biomolecules.

20 credits

Molecular & Cell Biology

This module considers the fundamental processes at the heart of all life on this planet. Students will learn about the basic molecular processes that enable cells to store and use genetic information to make proteins, as well as the mechanisms that allow cell growth, division, and ultimately cell death. Learning materials will be delivered through a combination of lectures, videos, practical classes and independent study.

20 credits

Evolution

This course is an introduction to evolution as the central unifying theme of modern biology. Students will examine evolutionary patterns from the geological past to the present, and investigate evolutionary mechanisms of selection, adaptation and the origin of species. They will be introduced to the approaches used to study evolution including classical population and quantitative genetics, phylogenetic trees, and the fossil record. Students will learn through lectures, videos, practical sessions, quizzes, and independent study.

20 credits

Introduction to Neuroscience

This module aims to provide students with an introduction to neuroscience. It will introduce the fundamental principles of cellular and molecular neuroscience that govern neuronal excitability and neurotransmission. Building on these principles, it will introduce theories relating to how sensory information is processed, and how motor output and aspects of behaviour are controlled by the central nervous system. How the normal functioning of the nervous system is affected by disease and drugs will be examined. It will also provide an opportunity to perform neuroscience experiments and interpret the data. Although focussed on the understanding of human neuroscience, the module will demonstrate how the study of model organisms has contributed to this understanding.

20 credits

Microbiology 1

This course is an introduction to the field of microbiology. Students will explore the diversity of microorganisms including Bacteria, Archaea, unicellular Eukaryotes and viruses. They will examine the diversity of the structure and the function of these microorganisms, emphasising the fundamental role that they play in our everyday lives by using examples in medicine and biotechnology.

20 credits

Genetics 1

This course is an introduction to the principles of genetics. Students will explore the genetics of pro- and eukaryotes by studying the mechanisms of gene transmission, genetic exchange, mutations and gene mapping. Additional topics are the genetic basis of diseases, prenatal diagnosis, genetic counselling, gene therapy and genetic basis of antibiotic resistance in bacteria. Students will learn through lectures and videos and independent study.

10 credits

Introduction to Physiology with Pharmacology

This module aims to provide students with an introduction to human physiology and pharmacology. It will introduce the fundamental physiological principles that govern the functioning of all cells and tissues within the body. The physiology of normal bodily functions will be explained using a systems-based approach which encourages students' to integrate their understanding of events at a molecular and cellular level with the structure and function of tissues and whole organs. It will examine how these normal bodily functions are affected by disease and drugs, with examples of how model organisms can inform this understanding. It will also provide an opportunity to perform and interpret physiological measurements, giving students hands-on experience of the experimental methods that they will be learning about in lectures.

20 credits

Core modules:

Conservation Principles and Realities

This module introduces students to conservation biology as a scientific but inter-disciplinary subject. Module content discusses conservation objectives, key tools, underlying concepts and principles, and approaches to devising management solutions to reduce adverse impacts of human activity on biodiversity. We use case studies and examples from a wide range of terrestrial and marine ecosystems in tropical and temperate environments, including the UK. 

Teaching methods focus on lectures and interactive practical sessions. 

Assessment is via a multiple choice exam (to test breadth of knowledge across the module) and a coursework essay (to test depth of knowledge).

20 credits

Population and Community Ecology

This module provides an overview of the core theory and principles of population and community ecology. It focuses on essential concepts that underpin estimating when populations will grow or decline, how species coexist, what processes drive biodiversity patterns and how species link to ecosystem function. Students move from understanding factors that influence the growth of populations, to those that determine the composition, stability, resilience and structure of ecological communities and their functions. The course covers a range of processes and species interactions such as density dependence, competition, predation and mutualisms and more applied concepts including how we measure functional versus species diversity, the structure and dynamics of food webs and tropical diversity. The module is delivered via lectures, two assessed computing practicals, two un-assessed computing practicals and four directed discussions of papers central to community ecology.

20 credits

Biological Field Skills

Field research is an essential component of the biological sciences. Students will work in one of the world's major ecosystem types for example the Arctic, Mediterranean or urban ecosystems. Students will explore the different habitats of the focal ecosystem, and learn how to: i) identify key elements of the flora and/or fauna, ii) conduct ecological studies giving appropriate consideration to ecological research methods and experimental design, including survey site selection, replication, and survey sampling approaches. Students will conduct a series of field exercises and mini-research projects with guidance from teaching staff.

10 credits

Skills in Biology II

This module develops students' appreciation of and aptitude in the scientific method, practical research skills, experimental design, information technology, data visualisation and analysis, critical evaluation, writing and presentation skills, and how science underpins innovative solutions to societal or commercial challenges. The module builds on skills developed in L1. In the autumn semester students will perform a small research project and have the opportunity to further develop their research skills in the spring semester. Students will develop skills in data visualisation and statistics with additional training and through reports on research projects. Students will develop their academic writing skills by preparing essays and lab reports and develop additional scientific communication, such as oral presentation and poster writing skills. This module develops employability skills via interview training, LinkedIn profile writing (or equivalent), and reflection on career choice and skill development.

30 credits

Optional modules:

Invertebrates

This module will explore the major invertebrate phyla. It will discuss their structure and how this is related to function and way of life. The major invertebrate groups will be considered including the sponges, cnidarians, worms, molluscs, arthropods, echinoderms, hemichordates and invertebrate chordates. The unique features of each of the invertebrate groups will be examined, with the emphasis on evolutionary relationships, development, behaviour, ecology and natural history.

The module comprises lectures and self-directed practical tasks (in the laboratory, in the Alfred Denny Museum and in the field).  Students will also create and maintain a detailed zoological notebook. The practical element of the module is designed to give students an opportunity to develop the knowledge and skills that will allow them to assign invertebrates to major taxa, use a biological key and identify animals in the field.

20 credits

Genes, genomes and chromosomes

This module directly builds on material delivered in MBB11003 and aims to provide a clear understanding of how genomes are organised within cells and how the expression of specific genes can be regulated. The topics covered in the module include experimental approaches to address the function of specific genes, mechanisms of regulated gene expression, DNA repair and recombination pathways, chromosome structure, genome sequencing technologies and the analysis of sequence data to study protein/DNA interactions, chromosome interactions and DNa methylation patterns .

20 credits

Biostructures, Energetics and Synthesis

This module aims to refresh students' understanding of the structures and functions of proteins and how free energy is made available (transduced) from reduced organic carbon compounds (catabolism) to generate ATP and NADPH for biosynthetic metabolism (anabolism). We begin by taking another look at key catabolic pathways in the cell including glycolysis, the Krebs cycle and mitochondrial electron transfer; before considering fatty acid β-oxidation and the pentose phosphate pathway.  We then explore how amino acids and nucleotides, the building blocks of life, are synthesised. This leads on to a study of the nature of biological membranes and the main functions of membranes in cells, including the transduction of energy, nerve transmission and signalling. We then focus on the structure and function of membrane proteins, highlighting their key role in transport of proteins, small molecules and ions across biological membranes. Finally, we come full circle highlighting how solar energy entering the biosphere is harvested by chlorophyll pigments and transferred to specialised reaction centres to initiate photosynthetic electron transfer. We show how photosynthesis converts solar energy into ATP and NADPH, utilising the same redox chemistry and chemiosmotic principles that underlie respiration, and then uses these metabolites to power the fixation of CO2 into reduced organic carbon compounds.

20 credits

The Green Planet: Plants, food and global climate change

Plants produce the oxygen we breathe, the food we eat and the materials we use. Because plants are immobile, their growth, development and interactions with the environment are highly flexible, enabling them to respond to a wide range of environmental signals. How plants sense and respond to light, temperature, nutrients will be considered in natural and agricultural environments.  It will also consider plant interactions with beneficial microbes, pests and pathogens. This module will cover how plants integrate developmental and environmental signals to optimise growth, survival and reproduction. Human intervention has led to wild plants evolving into crops, from simple selection in pre-historic times through to current advanced gene editing techniques. The module explores how agriculture arose and the challenges we face in providing a secure food supply to a growing population in an ever-changing environment. You will also gain practical skills in studying how plants respond to their environment.

Teaching methods focus on lectures and interactive practical sessions. Assessment of lectures is via an exam consisting of an essay (to test depth of knowledge) and multiple choice questions (to test breadth of knowledge across the module). Practical assessment is via a laboratory write-up

20 credits

Pharmacology

Building on concepts introduced in Level 1 the module starts by introducing the theoretical principles governing the interaction between agonists and antagonists with receptors, the relationship between drug concentration, receptor occupancy and effect, and provides an introduction to pharmacokinetics and the factors that regulate drug concentration in the body. We  then describe how new drugs are developed for use in human medicine, the safety assessments that must be carried out and different stages of clinical trials. Theoretical lectures will be complemented with detailed descriptions of recently developed immunotherapies used to treat cancer and widely prescribed anti-inflammatory drugs used to treat common ailments. We also cover the central nervous system describing the mechanisms of action of general anaesthetics and evaluating the pharmacological approaches used to treat diseases of the CNS. As well as traditional didactic lectures, active learning sessions will be employed to consolidate knowledge and understanding of key pharmacological principles.

10 credits

Physiology of Cells and Systems

This module covers advanced physiological concepts of cells and systems, building on the physiology covered in the first year.  The module starts by reviewing the basic cellular physiology that is critical for the normal function of all cells.  These key aspects are then revisited, looking at a range of specific systems within the body.  Systems are reviewed from the molecular level up to whole body physiology, with an emphasis on the physiology and pathophysiology of ion channels and transport proteins.  Advanced physiology of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems is covered, along with a number of pathophysiological conditions, such as cystic fibrosis, asthma, hypertension, sudden cardiac death and acid base balance disturbances.  The module then reviews the advanced physiology of the nervous and muscular systems, looking at myotonia, ataxia, epilepsy and myasthenia gravis. You will also study the pharmacological approaches used to treat a range of different diseases.  Experimental evidence presented in lectures will show you how research approaches can be used to help inform our understanding of disease.  The module uses an active learning approach, with interactive classes aimed at consolidating your knowledge and understanding, and developing your skills in problem solving and critical analysis, together with lectures, and practical classes to provide key content and additional skills development in physiology. 

The module aims to: 1. Provide students with a knowledge of key aspects of cellular physiology.2. Examine advanced systems physiology and pathophysiology, showing the impact of molecular and cellular changes. 3. Review pharmacological treatments of disease. 4. Provide opportunities to develop skills in critical analysis, experimental design and problem solving.  

20 credits

Evolutionary Biology

This module will provide insights into major concepts in evolutionary biology, illustrated with a wide range of examples that cut across taxa. The course will cover the origins of variation, adaptation, and natural selection, and discuss how various evolutionary forces affect the evolution of genes, genomes, populations and species. Through a mixture of lectures and practical classes students will learn about new technologies that are revolutionising our understanding of evolution, and will acquire skills in analysing genomes and phenotypes in order to identify the locus of selection.

This unit aims to provide students with the opportunity to develop an understanding of evolutionary concepts and an appreciation of evolution is crucial to our understanding of biology. This module will:- Provide an understanding of evolutionary concepts illustrated by appropriate and timely examples.- Show how an appreciation of evolutionary principles is crucial to our understanding of biology.- Demonstrate that evolutionary biology is an active area of research where data and argument support alternative interpretations. 

Teaching consists of lectures and interactive practical sessions. Assessment is via a multiple choice exam (to test breadth of knowledge across the module) and a coursework essay (to test depth of knowledge).

20 credits

Behavioural Ecology

This module will provide introduce animal behaviour through lectures and a Student Centred Learning Exercise (SCLE). The focus will be on answering questions in animal behaviour, through testing hypotheses about the adaptive significance and mechanism of behaviours. The main areas studied will be foraging, reproductive behaviour, mating systems, cooperative breeding and communication. The course will also introduce the use of theory and mathematical modelling (game theory and optimisation modelling). This will involve simple mathematics and the analysis of simple figures and tables showing the costs and benefits of behaviours. The SCLE is based on short research papers on animal behaviour.The course will provide an introduction to animal behaviour through lectures, SCLEs and the course textbook. The main focus will be on answering questions in animal behaviour through testing hypotheses about the adaptive significance ('why') and mechanism ('how') of particular behaviours. More specific focus will be made on feeding, reproductive behaviour, eusociality and communication. The course will also introduce the use of game theory and optimisation modelling. This will require simple mathematics, and the analysis of simple figures and tables showing the costs and benefits of particular behaviours. There will be an SCLE which will involve special readings in animal behaviour.

10 credits

Palaeobiology

The task of palaeobiology is to provide greater integration between palaeontology and biology. This course examines recent developments in the field of palaeobiology, and demonstrates how fossils are used to generate testable theories about pattern in the history of life. This course will begin with 9 lectures outlining modern concepts in palaeobiology, and demonstrated using examples from all aspect of palaeontology, but concentrating on dinosaur palaeobiology. These same principles will then be explored using human evolution as a case study (9 lectures).

10 credits

Microbiology 2

This module introduces key concepts in bacterial physiology, genetics, virulence and therapeutics, building on the microbiology topics covered in earlier modules. Topics to be covered in the first half of the module will include aspects of bacterial growth and gene regulation, microbial biodiversity and cellular differentiation, and biotechnology. The module will then move on in the second half to consider both sides of the bacterium-host interaction and the consequences for human health. Using a selection of important human pathogens as examples, the bacterial strategies and virulence factors that contribute to disease will be introduced. The human immune response and the potential of vaccination to protect against disease will then be examined. The targets, mode of action and potential resistance mechanisms of a range of current and potential antimicrobial agents will then be considered. The module will provide opportunities throughout to develop the ability to analyse and interpret microbiological data.

20 credits

Genetics 2

This module builds upon the introduction to genetics provided by Genetics 1.  A range of eukaryotic genetic systems will be considered, including humans and a number of model organisms, ranging from yeasts to Drosophila melanogaster, Caenorhabditis elegans,

Arabidopsis thaliana and Mus musculus. Topics to be covered include methods for isolating and genetically analysing mutants with specific phenotypes, genetic mapping, extranuclear inheritance, human diseases associated with chromosome abnormalities, ethical  considerations associated with genome editing, developmental genetics and genome integrity. Interactive teaching sessions give students opportunities to apply concepts introduced in the lectures to numerical and ethical problems.

20 credits

Biochemistry 2

This module provides an advanced treatment of the biochemical topics introduced in earlier modules, to provide a deep understanding of the underlying chemical principles and molecular interactions governing life in cells. The module begins with a review of the chemical transformations and molecular interactions governing enzyme function. We then study a number of enzyme examples to illustrate common themes arising in enzyme specificity, types of reaction mechanisms and the relationship between protein structure and function. This leads on to study practical methods to experimentally measure enzyme activity. We then take a detailed look at the fundamentals of enzyme and ligand binding kinetics underlying unimolecular and bimolecular irreversible and reversible reactions. We then turn our focus to small molecule drug development, showing how the principles learned earlier in the module can be applied to develop protein or enzyme inhibitors for therapeutic use. The final part of the module develops an understanding of the ways in which kinetic parameters can be used to study reaction mechanisms and how inhibitors and mutants can modulate the activity of enzymes. We also study aspects of protein and enzyme function in practical classes. Overall, the module aims to give students the knowledge required to analyse and interpret biochemical data, plan appropriate experimental assays and to make pre

20 credits

Vertebrates

This module will explore the major vertebrate phyla. It will discuss their structure and how this is related to function and way of life. The major vertebrate groups will be considered including the fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. The unique features of each group will be examined, with the emphasis on evolutionary relationships, development, behaviour, ecology and natural history.The module comprises lectures and self-directed practical tasks (in the Alfred Denny Museum and in the field).  Students will also create and maintain a detailed zoological notebook. The practical element of the module is designed to give students an opportunity to develop the knowledge and skills that will allow them to assign vertebrates to major taxa, identify animals in the field and observe their behaviour.

20 credits

Advanced Developmental Biology

This module will introduce students to some of the key principles that underpin the formation of a complex multicellular embryo from a single cell, with a particular emphasis on the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the production of different cell types and their organization into functional organs. Students will learn about conservation, reiteration and diversification of developmental processes during evolution, and the relevance of animal model studies to gaining an understanding of human development and to recent advances in medicine. Teaching will be provided through a combination of lectures and laboratory classes. As well as traditional didactic lectures, active learning sessions will be employed to consolidate knowledge and understanding of principles.

20 credits

Philosophy and Ethics of Bioscience

As biological research tackles the many global challenges that confront us today, society and bioscientists are faced with increasingly complex ethical issues.  This course will explore a series of current high profile ethical issues in areas such as medicine, agriculture, industry and the environment. In each case ethical concepts will be examined and discussed in the context of the right to privacy, ownership, current regulation and the public understanding of science.  This will be underpinned by relevant historical and philosophical considerations.

The module comprises lectures, discussions and the writing of blog posts. The latter will be assessed.

10 credits

Ecosystems and Sustainability in a Changing World

Human impacts on the world's ecosystems are profound and without precedent in Earth's history. The urgent need to understand the impacts of anthropogenic climate change, land-use change and overexploitation has meant that ecosystem science has become one of the most important biological disciplines. Knowledge developed within this discipline has also become vital for devising strategies in sustainable agriculture. This module will build on the L1 module 'Climate change and sustainability' by exploring human impacts on marine and terrestrial ecosystems, and their feedback on climate change, including those in agricultural ecosystems. It will cover the world's and the UK's major ecosystems, considering fundamental processes operating in the present and the past. In doing so, it will consider the interacting roles of energy, carbon cycling, climate, soils, nutrients, fire and biodiversity.

Teaching methods include lectures, alongside field excursions and interactive practical sessions that develop skills in the ecological analysis of plants and soils, and will reinforce some of the key concepts taught in lectures.

Assessment is via a multiple choice exam (to test breadth of knowledge across the module) and a coursework essay (to test depth of knowledge).

20 credits

Advanced Molecular Cell Biology

The aim of this module is to provide you with an in-depth understanding of some of the main concepts and problems in molecular cell biology. The module is also designed to emphasize the importance of this field to modern medicine. The module will explore  key areas in molecular cell biology including e.g. DNA repair, the cytoskeleton, cell communication, cell signalling and vesicular trafficking in cells. Sessions will incorporate aspects of primary experimental research, and introduce you to the research literature and how this informs our understanding. Topics will also be related to relevant diseases. Teaching will be provided through lectures and practicals. As well as traditional didactic lectures, active learning sessions will be employed to consolidate knowledge and understanding of principles.

20 credits

Biology of Stem Cells, Ageing and Cancer

This module will allow you to gain in-depth knowledge and understanding of the processes that govern stem cell biology, ageing and cancer. Emphasis will be placed on key concepts linking stem cells, embryonic development and the maintenance/growth of adult body systems. Furthermore, you will gain knowledge of the biological basis of cancer, deepening your understanding on the mechanisms that drive tumour formation.

10 credits

Neural circuits, behaviour and memory

This module aims to provide you with a broad understanding of neuroscience. You will cover areas such as neurophysiology, molecular biology, model organisms and simple behaviours. The topics covered will add to your knowledge and understanding from first year, putting in place a more advanced understanding of the concepts needed to support the more complex topics concerning higher brain function, behaviour, biological psychiatry and neurodegenerative disease.

10 credits

Core modules:

Biological Field Research

Field research is an essential component of the biological sciences. The module starts prior to entering the field, with students considering risk assessments and preparing talks on the concepts to be studied. Students will then enter one of a range of environments, which may include inter alia the Peak District, North Wales, Portugal or Borneo. Following a period of familiarisation with the habitat and wildlife, students will identify a biological question, design a field research study, collect observational data, design and carry out experiments, analyse data and present their findings in a series of talks. On returning from the field, students will develop their writing and analytical skills and prepare a report on their field projects. The module will develop skills in specific areas of the biological sciences, such as tropical ecology and conservation, behavioural ecology, population and community ecology, and coastal and marine ecology.

20 credits

Topics in Modern Ecology

This module provides students with the opportunity to develop their knowledge of topical issues in modern ecology. Students will be introduced, through lectures, independent reading, discussion and problem solving to a core set of topical questions in pure and/or applied ecology, and they will explore how data and theory combine to inform our understanding of these topics. Students will apply their learning by developing and critically evaluating research or management proposals that will address for specific real world ecological questions and problems.

10 credits

Literature Review

In this module students will consolidate the skills and knowledge they have gained in earlier levels of study.  They will work individually, guided by a member of staff, to identify a key biological question and will address this through a comprehensive literature review.  Students will synthesise information to explore the current state of knowledge, critically evaluate areas of uncertainty and debate, and suggest ways that the field may progress in the future.  They will present their findings in the format of a review paper.

20 credits

Research Project

In this module students will consolidate the skills and knowledge they have gained in earlier levels of study and apply these during a capstone research experience. A range of project types will be available, including laboratory-based, field-based, bioinformatics, computer modelling, education, and science communication. Students will work in groups, guided by a member of staff, to plan a research project, assess health, safety and ethical considerations, undertake the research, and analyse the data. Students will then work individually on interpreting, evaluating and communicating their findings  via a formal report written in the style of a research publication.

30 credits

Optional modules:

Evolution of Terrestrial Ecosystems

This module examines the evolution of terrestrial ecosystems, from the invasion of the land by plants and animals in the Ordovician (475 million years ago) up to the present day. All of the major events will be covered: the origin of land plants; the invasion of the land by invertebrate animals (worms, insects, etc); the first forests; the origin of amphibians, reptiles, mammals and birds; beginnings of phtogeographical differentiation; origin of the flowering plants etc. Throughout the course the evolution of terrestrial ecosystems will be considered in light of: (i) the interrelationships between global change and evolving terrestrial ecosystems; (ii) plant-fungal-animal interactions and coevolution.

10 credits

Evolutionary Ecology

This module will provide insights into major concepts in evolutionary ecology, illustrated with a wide range of examples that cut across taxa. The course will explore the interplay between ecology and evolution with emphasis on the role of ecology in driving phenotypic evolution and divergence on the tree of life, and on the role of evolutionary history as a constraint on species ecology. The module will cover the ecology of adaptive radiations, correlated evolution of species traits, interspecific interactions as drivers of and constraints on biodiversity, and the evolutionary ecology of species communities. Through lectures and in-lecture exercises, students will learn about the range of cutting-edge methods used by evolutionary ecologists to understand phenotypic and species diversity, often through a phylogenetic, or 'tree-thinking' perspective.

This unit aims to provide students with the opportunity to develop an understanding of key concepts in evolutionary ecology and an appreciation of the theory that nothing in evolution and ecology makes sense except in the light of each other. This module will:

Provide an understanding of evolutionary ecology theory illustrated by appropriate and timely examples.

Show how an appreciation of evolutionary ecology is crucial to our understanding of the origins and maintenance of biodiversity.

Demonstrate that evolutionary ecology is an active area of research where data and argument support alternative interpretations. 

Teaching consists of lectures including interactive workshop sessions. Assessment is via an exam essay to test breadth and depth of knowledge and the ability to synthesise ideas across the module.

10 credits

Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems

This module highlights the threats to global sustainability, with a particular focus on food production and ecosystem functioning, being caused by human impacts on the environment. The module considers how we have got into the present unsustainable mess: of poor land and natural resource management, under valuing of farmers, life-threatening soil degradation causing flooding, pollution of fresh water and soil insecurity, as well as large numbers of people overconsuming and wasting food whilst others don't have enough. It shows that how we sustainably manage agro-ecosystems now, and in the immediate future, will determine the fate of humanity. Soils are the foundations of terrestrial ecosystems, food and biofuel production, but are amongst the most badly abused and damaged components of the ecosphere. Climate change, agricultural intensification, biofuels and unsustainable use of fertilizers and fossil fuels pose critical threats to global food production and sustainable agro-ecosystems - and their impacts on soil ecosystems are central to these threats. The module considers soil ecosystems function in nature and the lessons that we can then apply to develop more sustainable agriculture and ecosystem management.

10 credits

Conservation Issues and Management

This module will provide the opportunity for students to develop: (i) their knowledge of topical issues in conservation; (ii) their ability to identify potential solutions to real-world conservation problems and assess the likely effectiveness of these; (iii) their skills in accessing, interpreting, and synthesising the primary scientific literature in the field of conservation; and (iv) their ability to think independently. This will be achieved by introducing students, through lectures and independent reading, to a range of topical issues in conservation science, by showing how research can inform understanding of these issues and how applied measures can mitigate these conservation problems. Students will then apply their learning by developing an essay spanning conservation problems and cutting-edge solutions. This is a lecture-based teaching module assessed by an exam essay.

10 credits

Human Planet

This course examines the historical, social, cultural and political dimensions of sustainability, focusing on food production and natural resource management on the land and in the oceans. Students will learn how key historical developments led to sustainability issues, how geopolitics perpetuates these in the modern world, and how an understanding of these issues can help us to develop more sustainable ways to live in future. Learning will be achieved through lectures and videos, independent study and classroom discussion sessions.

10 credits

Topics in Evolutionary Genetics

This course aims to provide the opportunity for students to develop (i) their knowledge of current leading-edge research areas in evolutionary genetics and (ii) their skills in accessing, interpreting and synthesising the primary scientific literature in this field. This will be achieved by examining three areas of current research activity in evolutionary genetics though detailed analysis of the questions, methods and interpretations in groups of recent publications.

10 credits

Human Evolutionary Genetics

This module will provide students with an understanding of how genomics has shaped our understanding of the evolution of modern humans. This will be achieved through lectures and independent reading. Topics covered will include: the evolution of modern humans; the history of how humans colonised the world; how the Neanderthal genome has revealed hybridisation between Homo sapiens and Neanderthal man; how human genomes can tell us about the history and causes of modern genetic disorders; how our genomes reveal past episodes of selection; and how life history theory is used to study natural selection and evolution in pre-industrial humans.

10 credits

Future Plants: From Laboratory to Field

This module explores current research themes in plant biology, examining how fundamental plant science, often using model organisms, can be translated into real-world applications. The course will highlight different research areas encompassing plant development and productivity, responses to environmental stresses and interactions with other organisms (beneficial or pests and diseases). Students will be introduced to the science that underpins these processes in plants and how this knowledge can be exploited to address problems such as food security, sustainability and environmental change.

10 credits

Cooperation and Conflict

This module aims to provide the opportunity for students to develop (i) their knowledge of cutting-edge research in behavioural ecology, (ii) their skills in understanding and interpreting the primary scientific literature in this field and (iii) their ability to think independently and synthesise information. This will be achieved by introducing students to a range of issues and topics of central theoretical importance in the field of behavioural ecology and by showing how a combination of observation, and field and laboratory
experimentation can be used to test hypotheses originating from theory. Specifically, the characteristics and implications of cooperation and conflict among animals will be studied in a variety of contexts.

10 credits

Topics in Modern Zoology

This module provides students with the opportunity to develop their knowledge of topical issues in modern zoology and their skills in accessing, interpreting and synthesising the primary scientific literature in this field. Students will be introduced, through lectures, independent reading, and group discussion, to a core set of topical questions, and they will explore how theory and data combine to inform our understanding of these topics. The skills developed will then be assessed through a written critical analysis of recent research on one of the core topics.

10 credits

Core modules:

Research & Communication Skills in Biology

This module will provide training in fundamental generic skills necessary to pursue a research career in whole organism biology. Skills will involve learning and applying various forms of communication (both written and oral) to different audiences (professional and general public) and advanced science writing (e.g. journal publications and grant applications). Teaching will be through workshops, lectures, peer-review panels, and student-centred learning.

15 credits

Research Dissertation

The aim of this unit is to allow the student to write a critical review of a biological topic of choice. This will involve a critical analysis of hypotheses in the field and of the quality of the evidence used to support them. Where controversies exist, the dissertation should indicate which side has the stronger case. The dissertation should contain a quantitative element; this may be in the form of a comparative analysis, meta-analysis, or systematic search and quantitative review of prior studies. It should also identify gaps in our current knowledge and understanding and make suggestions for the future development of the field. The dissertation should also include at least one novel diagram/table that summarises an aspect of the dissertation. The preparation of the dissertation involves extensive reading of original research papers, reviews and books together with information extracted from other media. The dissertation will be written up in the form of a scientific paper.

30 credits

Advanced Biological Analysis

The aim of this module is to provide students with advanced training in the use of statistical methods and computers to visualise and analyse biological data which is necessary to pursue a research career in whole organism biology. Advanced principles of programming for data analysis, data interpretation and statistical analysis, and graphical presentation are stressed. The course is based on the statistical programming language R and the Integrated Development Environment RStudio. The course is comprised of eight introductory sessions delivered in Semester 1, and then a choice of two out of six specialist modules selected to support student-specific requirements in research. Semester 1 content is delivered as a mix of online recorded videos (watch this), a set of readings (read this) and a practical exercise (do this). This is supported by a weekly live mini-review lecture and Q and A, and a help session. Semester 2 content is delivered live via three to four 3- hour practical computing sessions (1 specialist module/week, 3-4 sessions per week).

15 credits

Research Project

The aim of a project is to provide an opportunity for you to undertake an original investigation. The essence of project work is the testing of hypotheses.
A hypothesis is only useful if it can be supported or not by some
measurement or observation. Testing of hypotheses is done by experiment, which is a designed intervention in nature, or by careful observation of natural events. The results of experiments or observations usually require some sort of analysis before they can be interpreted and a decision made whether they support the hypothesis or not. The Level 4 project will require substantial development of clearly defined problems and hypotheses that are tested in a sophisticated and rigorous fashion, usually involving extensive data analysis skills. Additionally, a superior level of writing and computer skills is required, together with considerable independence in both idea development and hands-on research.

60 credits